Study | Number of patients | Overall length of hospitalization (days) | Factors associated with prolonged hospitalization | Factors not associated with prolonged hospitalization | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Median | IQR | ||||
Audisio, 2008 [1] | 460 | 5 | 3-70 | Male sex (8 vs. 4 days, P < 0.005), more advanced cancer (2 vs. 11.5 days, P < 0.001), ADL dependent (RR 2.01, 95% CI 1.37–2.93), IADL dependent (RR 1.58, 95% CI 1.11–2.24), performance status abnormal (RR 1.64, 95% CI 1.06–2.56) | Age, MMSE abnormal (RR 1.18, 95% CI 0.76–1.86), GDS depressed (RR 1.30, 95% CI 0.91–1.85), ASA abnormal (RR 0.85, 95% CI 0.60–1.20), Satariano’s index (RR 1.23, 95% CI 0.85–1.78) |
Badgwell, 2013 [2] | 111 | NR | NR | Cancer stage (distant vs. localized/regional) (OR 0.37, 95% CI 0.15–0.91), weight loss ≥ 10% (OR 4.03, 95% CI 1.13–14.43), polypharmacy (OR 2.45, 95% CI 1.09–5.48) | ASA score ≥ 2 (OR 1.02, 95% CI 0.39–2.69), ECOG performance status (OR 1.68, 95% CI 0.70–4.04) |
Blakoe, 2015 [61] | 79 | NR | NR | NR | Frailty |
Clement, 2011 [24] | 1343 | NR | NR | Age (Pearson’s coefficient 0.21, P < 0.001) | NR |
Dasgupta, 2009 [7] | 125 | NR | NR | Age (P = 0.0074), Edmonton Frailty Scale score (P = 0.0042) | NR |
Gerude, 2014 [30] | 67 | 7a | 2–26b | Smoking habit (OR 11.0, 95% CI 1.5–81.1), arm circumference ≤ 25 cm (OR 7.2, 95% CI 1.2–44.6), male sex (RR 2.15, 95% CI 1.10–4.18)a, IADL dependence (RR 1.97, 95% CI 1.07–3.61)a, underweight BMI (RR 2.23, 95% CI 1.19–4.55)a | Age > 78 years (RR 0.98, 95% CI 0.56–1.74), alcoholism (RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.47–1.48), ADL dependence (RR 0.94, 95% CI 0.47–1.89), advanced cancer stage (RR 1.64, 95% CI 0.60–4.49), type 2 diabetes mellitus (RR 2.28, 95% CI 0.63–8.13), hypertension (RR 1.21, 95% CI 0.63–8.13), COPD (RR 0.62, 95% CI 0.33–1.16), overweight BMI (RR 1.37, 95% CI 0.55–3.41), type 1 diabetes mellitus (RR 1.02, 95% CI 0.53–1.96), Karnofsky index ≤ 80 (RR 1.69, 95% CI 0.97–2.94), albumin ≤ 4.3 mg/dL (RR 1.10, 95% CI 0.63–2.02) |
Green, 2012 [39] | 159 | NR | NR | Frailty (9 ± 6 days vs. 6 ± 5 days, P = 0.004) | NR |
Huisman, 2014 [31] | 280 | NR | NR | TUG test > 20 s (OR 3.98, 95% CI 1.12–14.10), ASA score 2 (OR 0.23, 95% CI 0.05–0.99) | ASA score > 2 (OR 0.37, 95% CI 0.08–1.68) |
Kenig, 2015 [36] | 75 | 12 | 3–42 | Frailty + postoperative complications (10.4 vs. 20.3 days, P < 0.001) | Frailty without postoperative complications (12.7 vs. 16.9 days, P = 0.19) |
Kim, 2013 [51] | 141 | 14 | 7–28 | Cumulative number of impairments in CGA domains (P = 0.005) | NR |
Kim, 2016 [37] | 197 | NR | NR | Mobility assessment tool – short form (HR 0.81, 95% CI 0.68–0.96), ASA status ≥ 3 (HR 1.65, 95% CI 1.11–2.46), intermediate- or high-risk surgery (HR 2.83, 95% CI 1.84–4.36), hs-CRP (HR 1.40, 95% CI 1.02–1.92) | Intermediately frail/frail (HR 1.13, 95% CI 0.79–1.60) |
Kothari, 2011 [45] | 60 | NR | NR | Question 1 (6.55 ± 1.02 vs. 4.89 ± 0.84 days, P = 0.039), 9 (7.15 ± 1.16 vs. 5.04 ± 0.76 days, P = 0.01), and 10 (18.5 ± 9.50 vs. 5.04 ± 0.54 days, P = 0.031) of the NSI NHC | NR |
Lasithoiotakis, 2013 [35] | 57 | NR | NR | Frailty (OR 4.2, 95% CI 1.3–13.5) | Age ≥ 75 years (OR 0.7, 95% CI 0.2–2.2), ASA score ≥ 3 (OR 5.6, 95% CI 0.8–35.8) |
Makary, 2010 [29] | 594 | NR | NR | Frailty (IRR 1.69, 95% CI 1.28–2.23) | NR |
Papaioannou, 2005 [27] | 47 | NR | NR | NR | General anesthesia (OR 2.50, 95% CI 0.74–8.46) |
Reinohl, 2015 [59] | 110 | NR | NR | NR | Atrial fibrillation (P = 0.171), EuroScore I (P = 0.067), EuroScore II (P = 0.210), STS score (P = 0.220) |
Robinson, 2012 [25] | 186 | 12a | 12c | Impaired cognition (15 ± 14 vs. 9 ± 9, P = 0.001) | NR |
Rogers, 1989 [58] | 46 | 14.5a | 4.5c | Knee joint vs. hip (beta coefficient 4.3, standard error 1.3, P = 0.0021) | Osteoarthritis vs. rheumatoid arthritis (beta coefficient 1.3, SE 1.4, P = 0.3676) |
Schmidt, 2015 [60] | 652 | 9 | 7–14 | TUG test > 21 s (regression coefficient 2.91, 95% CI 0.24–5.58, P = 0.03), malnutrition on MNA (regression coefficient 6.99, 95% CI 3.02–10.96, P = 0.001) | Above high school education (regression coefficient 0.18, 95% CI –0.79 to 1.15, P = 0.71), age (regression coefficient 0.08, 95% CI –0.23 to 0.19, P = 0.13), sex (regression coefficient 0.08, 95% CI –1.04 to 1.25, P = 0.86), tumor site (genitourinary vs. gastrointestinal) (regression coefficient –1.19, 95% CI –2.40 to 0.02, P = 0.05) |
van Venrooij, 2009 [46] | 100 | NR | NR | NR | Protein intake > 0.98 g/kg actual body weight (OR 0.857, 95% CI 0.376–1.956), protein intake > 0.98 g/kg ideal body weight (OR 0.857, 95% CI 0.376–1.956), energy intake > 21.3 kcal/kg actual body weight (OR 1.221, 95% CI 0.535–2.786), energy intake > 22.2 kcal/kg ideal body weight (OR 1.221, 95% CI 0.535–2.786) |
Williams, 2013 [53] | 148 | NR | NR | NR | Anxiety vs. none (OR 1.20, 95% CI 0.30–4.87) |