Table 2 Confounders and risk factors evaluated in studies of maternal antidepressant use during pregnancy and risk of autism spectrum disorder in offspring
Potential confounder | Boukhis 2015 | Brown 2017d | Castro 2016 | Clements 2015 | Croen 2011 | El Marroun 2014 | Eriksson 2012 | Gidaya 2014 | Harrington 2014 | Hviid 2013 | Malm 2016 | Rai 2013 | Sorensen 2013 | Sujan 2017 | Viktorin 2017 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reference | 16 | 25 | 18 | 17 | 26 | 19 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 |
Gender | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | – | – |
Year of birth | Y | – | Y | Y | Y | – | – | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | – | Y | Y |
Birth weight | – | – | – | Y | Y | – | – | Y | – | – | Y | Y | Y | – | – |
Gestational age at delivery | – | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | – | Y | – | Y | Y | Y | Y | – | – |
Maternal age | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
Marital status | Y | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Y | – | – | – | – |
Living alone | Y | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Education | Y | – | Y | Y | Y | Y | – | Y | Y | Y | – | Y | – | Y | – |
Social assistance or care | Y | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Maternal psychiatric historya | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
Paternal psychiatric historya | Y | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Y | Y | – | Y |
Maternal physical historyb | Y | Y | – | Y | – | – | – | Y | – | – | Y | – | – | – | – |
Pre-pregnancy related/delivery | – | Y | – | Y | – | – | Y | Y | – | – | Y | – | – | – | – |
Paternal physical history | Y | – | – | – | – | – | – | Y | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Severity of depression | – | Y | Y | Y | – | Y | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Smoking status | – | – | – | – | – | Y | – | – | – | Y | Y | Y | – | – | – |
Alcohol or substance misuse | – | – | – | – | – | Y | – | – | Y | – | Y | Y | – | – | Y |
Parity | – | Y | Y | Y | Y | – | – | Y | – | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | – |
Insurance type | – | – | Y | Y | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Ethnicity or country of origin | – | – | Y | Y | Y | Y | – | – | Y | Y | Y | Y | – | Y | – |
Maternal income | – | Y | Y | – | – | – | – | Y | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Residence | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Y | Y | – | – | – | – |
Employment status | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Y | Y | Y | – | – | – |
Depression recurrence | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Drugs other than antidepressantsc | – | Y | – | – | – | Y | – | – | Y | – | Y | – | – | – | Y |