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Table 3 Potential confounders and risk factors evaluated in studies of maternal antidepressant use during pregnancy and risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in offspring

From: Antidepressant use during pregnancy and risk of autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: systematic review of observational studies and methodological considerations

Potential confounder

Castro 2016

Clements 2015

Figueroa 2010

Laugesen 2013

Malm 2016

Man 2017

Sujan 2017

Reference

18

17

36

37

31

38

34

Gender

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

–

Year of birth

Y

Y

Y

–

Y

Y

Y

Birth weight

–

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

–

Gestational age at delivery

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

–

Maternal age

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Marital status

–

–

–

Y

Y

–

–

Living alone

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

Education

Y

Y

–

–

–

–

Y

Social assistance or economic status

–

–

–

–

–

Y

–

Maternal psychiatric historya

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Paternal psychiatric historya

–

–

–

Y

–

–

–

Maternal physical historyb

–

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

–

Pregnancy or delivery complications

–

Y

Y

–

Y

–

–

Paternal physical history

–

–

Y

–

–

–

–

Severity of depression

Y

Y

–

–

–

–

–

Smoking status

–

–

–

Y

Y

–

–

Alcohol or substance misuse

–

–

–

–

Y

–

–

Parity

Y

Y

–

Y

Y

Y

Y

Insurance type

Y

Y

–

–

–

–

–

Ethnicity or country of origin

Y

Y

–

–

Y

–

Y

Maternal income

Y

–

–

–

–

–

–

Residence

–

–

Y

–

Y

–

–

Employment status

–

–

–

–

Y

–

–

Depression recurrence

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

Drugs other than antidepressantsc

–

–

Y

Y

Y

Y

–

  1. aHeterogeneity in definitions used
  2. bIncludes only a limited number of physical conditions, such as diabetes, hypertension and autoimmune disease, and varies by study
  3. cIncludes only a limited number of other drugs used during pregnancy and varies by study (benzodiazepines, antipsychotics, teratogens etc.)