From: Built environmental characteristics and diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Author | Year | Country | Country income level | Study design | Sample size | Age | Outcomea | Outcome assessmentb | Result | Adjustment for confounding | Quality statement | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Urban > rural | Rural > urban | No difference | |||||||||||
Aekplakorn et al. [89] | 2011 | Thailand | Upper middle | Cross-sectional | 18,629 | NFG: 44.3 ± 0.3 Diabetes mellitus: 54.1 ± 0.7 | T2DM/T1DM prevalence | Blood sample | X |  |  | Age, sex | Moderate |
Agyemang et al. [90] | 2016 | Ghana, Netherlands, Germany, England | Lower middle and high | Cross-sectional | 5659 | 25–70 years (NR) | T2DM prevalence | Blood sample | X |  |  | Age, sex, education | Moderate |
Ali et al. [91] | 1993 | Malaysia | Upper middle | Cross-sectional | 681 | 38.6 ± 13.7 | T2DM/T1DM prevalence | Blood sample |  |  | X | Age | Moderate |
Al-Moosa et al. [92] | 2006 | Oman | High | Cross-sectional | 5840 | 24% >50 years 41% < 30 years | T2DM/T1DM prevalence | Blood sample | X |  |  | – | Moderate |
Anjana et al. [93] | 2011 | India | Lower middle | Cross-sectional | 13,055 | 40 ± 14 | T2DM/T1DM prevalence | Blood sample | Southern area, western area, eastern area |  | Northern area | Age, sex | Moderate |
Assah et al. [94] | 2011 | Cameroon | Lower middle | Cross-sectional | 552 | 38.4 ± 8.6 | T2DM/T1DM prevalence | Blood sample | X |  |  | – | Moderate |
Attard et al. [67] | 2012 | China | Upper middle | Cross-sectional | NA | 51 ± 0.4 | T2DM/T1DM prevalence | Blood sample, self-report | X |  |  | Age, sex, income, region, BMI | Strong |
Allender et al. [95] | 2011 | Sri Lanka | Lower middle | Cross-sectional | 4485 | 46.1 ± 15.1 | T2DM/T1DM prevalence | Blood sample | X |  |  | Age, sex, income | Moderate |
Bahendeka et al. [41] | 2016 | Uganda | Low | Cross-sectional | 3689 | 35.1 ± 12.6 | T2DM/T1DM prevalence | Blood sample |  |  | X | Age, sex, region of residence, floor finishing of dwelling, BMI, waist circumference, total cholesterol | Moderate |
Baldé et al. [96] | 2007 | Guinea | Low | Cross-sectional | 1537 | 47.7 ± 12.5 | T2DM/T1DM prevalence | Blood sample | X |  |  | Age, location, excess of waist, raised systolic BP, raised diastolic BP | Moderate |
Balogun et al. [97] | 2012 | Nigeria | Lower middle | Longitudinal | 1330 | 77.3 ± 0.3 | T2DM incidence | Self-report | X |  |  | Age, sex, education | Strong |
Baltazar et al. [98] | 2003 | Philippines | Lower middle | Cross-sectional | 7044 | 39.0 ± 0.5 | T2DM/T1DM prevalence | Blood sample |  |  | X | Age and sex | Moderate |
Barnabé-Ortiz [99] | 2016 | Peru | Upper middle | Longitudinal | 3123 | 24% < 45 years 25% >65 years | T2DM incidence | Blood sample |  |  | X | Sex, age, education level, SES, family history of diabetes, daily smoking, hazardous drinking, TV watching for 2+ hours per day, transport-related physical inactivity, fruit and vegetable consumption, BMI, metabolic syndrome | Moderate |
Bocquier et al. [100] | 2010 | France | High | Cross-sectional | 3,038,670 | 48.9 ± 18.6 | T2DM/T1DM prevalence | Secondary | X |  |  | Age, sex | Strong |
Cubbin et al. [23] | 2006 | Sweden | High | Cross-sectional | 18,081 | 48% >45 years 25% < 35 years | T2DM/T1DM prevalence | Self-report |  | X |  | Age, sex, marital status, immigration status, SES composite, neighbourhood deprivation | Moderate |
Christensen et al. [101] | 2009 | Kenya | Lower middle | Cross-sectional | 1459 | 38.6 ± 12.6 | T2DM/T1DM prevalence | Blood sample | X |  |  | Age, sex | Moderate |
Dagenais et al. [102] | 2016 | Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Zimbabwe, China, Colombia, Iran, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Malaysia, Poland, South Africa, Turkey, Canada, Sweden, United Arab Emirates | Lower, lower middle, upper middle and high | Cross-sectional | 119,666 | 52 ± 9.3 | T2DM/T1DM prevalence | Blood sample | X |  |  | Age, sex, residency location, BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, PA levels, AHEI score, combined former and current smoking, education level, family history of diabetes, ethnicity | Strong |
Dar et al. [25] | 2015 | India | Lower middle | Cross-sectional | 3972 | 43% >50 years 57% 40–50 years | T2DM prevalence | Blood sample | X |  |  | – | Weak |
Davila et al. [103] | 2013 | Colombia | Upper middle | Cross-sectional | 1026 | 35% >55 years 35% < 35 years | T2DM/T1DM prevalence | Blood sample |  |  | X | Age, sex, education, SES, marital status, smoking, alcohol, intake of fruit and vegetables, PA | Strong |
Delisle et al. [104] | 2012 | Benin | Low | Cross-sectional | 541 | 38.2 ± 0.6 | Glycaemic marker: HOMA index | Blood sample | X |  |  | Age, sex, SES, location, diet quality, PA, alcohol, BMI | Moderate |
Dong et al. [105] | 2005 | China | Upper middle | Cross-sectional | 12,240 | 46.4 ± 13.9 | T2DM prevalence | Blood sample | X (men) |  | X (women) | Age, sex | Moderate |
Du et al. [106] | 2016 | China | Upper middle | Cross-sectional | 3797 | 15% >60 years 8% 20–29 years | T2DM/T1DM prevalence | Blood sample |  |  | X | Age, sex | Moderate |
Esteghamati et al. [107] | 2009 | Iran | Upper middle | Cross-sectional | 3397 | 23% >55 years 25% < 35 years | T2DM/T1DM prevalence | Blood sample |  |  | X | Age, sex, residential area | Moderate |
Georgousopoulou et al. [108] | 2017 | Mediterranean islands | High | Cross-sectional | 2749 | 75 ± 7.3 | T2DM/T1DM prevalence | Blood sample | X |  |  | Age, sex, BMI, physical inactivity, smoking, siesta habit, education, living alone, adherence to Mediterranean diet, GDS, number of friends and family members, frequency of going out with friends and family, number of holiday excursions per year | Moderate |
Gong et al. [109] | 2015 | China | Upper middle | Cross-sectional | 5923 | 38% >50 years 62% < 50 years | T2DM/T1DM prevalence | Blood sample | X |  |  | Age, sex, education, PA, smoking, alcohol, BMI, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, hypertension | Strong |
Hussain et al. [110] | 2004 | Bangladesh | Lower middle | Cross-sectional | 6312 | 14% >50 years 46% < 30 years | T2DM/T1DM prevalence | Blood sample | X |  |  | Age, sex | Moderate |
Han et al. [111] | 2017 | Korea | High | Longitudinal | 7542 | 52 ± 8.8 | T2DM incidence | Blood sample | X |  |  | Age, sex, residential area, family history of diabetes, smoking, alcohol, exercise, abdominal obesity, hypertension, high triglycerides, low HDL-cholesterol | Strong |
Katchunga et al. [112] | 2012 | Congo | Low | Cross-sectional | 699 | 42.5 ± 18.1 | T2DM/T1DM prevalence | Blood sample |  |  | X | – | Moderate |
Keel et al. [113] | 2017 | Australia | High | Cross-sectional | 4836 | Non-indigenous: 66.6 ± 9.7 Indigenous: 54.9 ± 8.7 | T2DM/T1DM prevalence | Self-report |  | X (indigenous) | X (non-indigenous) | Age, sex, ethnicity, education, English-speaking at home, ethnicity | Moderate |
Mayega et al. [114] | 2013 | Uganda | Low | Cross-sectional | 1497 | 45.8% >45 years 54.2% < 45 years | T2DM prevalence | Blood sample |  | X |  | Age, sex, residence, occupation, family history of diabetes, BMI, PA level, dietary diversity | Strong |
Mohan et al. [115] | 2016 | India | Lower middle | Cross-sectional | 6853 | 35–70 years (NR) | T2DM/T1DM prevalence | Blood sample | X |  |  | Age (only women included) | Moderate |
Msyamboza et al. [116] | 2014 | Malawi | Low | Cross-sectional | 3056 | 12.5% >55 years 45% < 35 years | T2DM/T1DM prevalence | Blood sample |  |  | X | Age, sex | Moderate |
Ntandou et al. [117] | 2009 | Benin | Low | Cross-sectional | 541 | 38.2 ± 10 | T2DM/T1DM prevalence | Blood sample |  | X |  | Age, sex, waist circumference, education, SES, PA, micronutrient adequacy score, preventive diet score, alcohol | Moderate |
Oyebode et al. [118] | 2015 | China, Ghana, India, Mexico, Russia, South Africa | Upper and Lower middle | Cross-sectional | 39,436 | 47.3% >60 years 12.3% < 40Y | T2DM/T1DM prevalence | Self-report | X (pooled) |  |  | Age, sex, survey design, income quintile, marital status, education | Strong |
Papoz et al. [119] | 1996 | New Caledonia | High | Cross-sectional | 9390 | 30–59 years (NR) | T2DM/T1DM prevalence | Blood sample | X |  |  | Age | Moderate |
Pham et al. [120] | 2016 | Vietnam | Lower middle | Cross-sectional | 16,730 | 54 ± 8 | T2DM/T1DM prevalence | Blood sample | X (men) |  | X (women) | Age, sex, socio-demographic factors, anthropometric measures, BP, family history of diabetes | Moderate |
Raghupathy et al. [121] | 2007 | India | Lower middle | Longitudinal | 2218 | 28 ± 1.2 | T2DM prevalence | Blood sample | X |  |  | Age, sex, number of household possessions, education, PA, smoking, alcohol, parental consanguinity, family history of diabetes mellitus, body fat, BMI, waist-to-hips ratio, subscapular/triceps ratio | Strong |
Ramdani et al. [122] | 2012 | Morocco | Lower middle | Cross-sectional | 1628 | 54.2 ± 10.9 | T2DM/T1DM prevalence | Blood sample |  |  | X | Age, sex, BMI | Moderate |
Sadikot et al. [123] | 2004 | India | Lower middle | Cross-sectional | 41,270 | 36% >50 years 34% < 40 years | T2DM prevalence | Blood sample | X |  |  | Age, sex | Moderate |
Sobngwi et al. [124] | 2004 | Cameroon | Lower middle | Longitudinal | 1726 | 24% >55 years 28% < 35 years | T2DM/T1DM prevalence | Blood sample | X (women) |  | X (men) | Age, sex, residence, socio-professional category, alcohol, smoking, PA | Moderate |
Stanifer et al. [125] | 2016 | Tanzania | Low | Cross-sectional | 481 neighbourhoods | 25% >60Â years | T2DM/T1DM prevalence | Blood sample | Â | Â | X | Age, sex | Moderate |
Weng et al. [126] | 2007 | China | Upper middle | Cross-sectional | 529 | NR | T2DM/T1DM prevalence | Blood sample | Â | Â | X | Age, sex | Moderate |
Wu et al. [127] | 2016 | China | Upper middle | Cross-sectional | 23,010 | 40 (30.4–56.3) | T2DM/T1DM prevalence | Blood sample |  |  | X | Age | Moderate |
Zhou et al. [128] | 2015 | China | Upper middle | Cross-sectional | 98,658 | 20% >60 years 80% < 60 years | T2DM/T1DM prevalence |  | X |  |  | Age, sex, region | Moderate |