Table 2 Study characteristics of studies investigating physical activity environment, food environment, residential noise and diabetes mellitus
From: Built environmental characteristics and diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Author | Year | Country | Income level | Study design | Sample size | Age | Outcomea | Outcome assessmentb | Exposure category | Exposure assessment | Level geodata | Quality statement |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ahern et al. [46] | 2011 | US | High | Cross-sectional | 3128 | NR | T2DM/T1DM prevalence | Secondary | PA, food | Place of residence | Aggregate | Moderate |
AlHasan et al. [69] | 2016 | US | High | Cross-sectional | NA | NR | T2DM/T1DM prevalence | Secondary | Food | GIS | Aggregate | Strong |
Astell-Burt et al. [42] | 2014 | Australia | High | Cross-sectional | 48,072 | 28% 45–55 years 39% >65 years | T2DM/T1DM prevalence | Self-report | PA | GIS | Individual | Moderate |
Auchincloss et al. [47] | 2009 | US | High | Longitudinal | 2285 | 62.1 ± 10 | T2DM incidence | Blood sample, self-report | PA, food | Self-report | Individual | Moderate |
Bodicoat et al. [44] | 2014 | UK | High | Cross-sectional | 10,476 | 59 ± 10.4 | T2DM prevalence | Secondary (screen detected) | PA | GIS | Individual | Strong |
Bodicoat et al. [72] | 2015 | UK | High | Cross-sectional | 10,461 | 59 ± 10.4 | T2DM prevalence | Secondary (screen detected) | Food | GIS | Individual | Strong |
Booth et al. [19] | 2013 | Canada | High | Longitudinal | 1,024,380 | 30–64 years (NR) | T2DM/T1DM incidence | Secondary | PA |  |  | Moderate |
Braun et al. [80] | 2015 | US | High | Cross-sectional | NA | NR | T2DM/T1DM prevalence | Secondary | PA, food | Register | Aggregate | Moderate |
Braun et al. [58] | 2016 | US | High | Longitudinal | 1079 | 39.7 ± 3.7 | Glycaemic marker: ln(HOMA index) | Blood sample | PA | GIS | Individual | Strong |
Braun et al. [57] | 2016 | US | High | Longitudinal | 583 | 69.4 ± 9.5 | Glycaemic marker: fasting glucose | Blood sample | PA | GIS | Individual | Strong |
Cai et al. [82] | 2017 | Netherlands | High | Cross-sectional | 93,277 | 44.9 ± 12.3 | Glycaemic marker: fasting glucose | Blood sample | Noise | GIS | Aggregate | Strong |
Carroll et al. [71] | 2017 | Australia | High | Longitudinal | 2582 | 50 ± 15 | Glycaemic marker: HbA1c | Blood sample | Food | GIS | Aggregate | Moderate |
Christine et al. [48] | 2015 | US | High | Longitudinal | 2157 | 60.7 ± 9.9 | T2DM incidence | Blood sample | PA, food | GIS, self-report | Individual | Strong |
Creatore et al. [20] | 2016 | Canada | High | Longitudinal | ±4,505,000 | 61% 30–49 years 34% 50–65 years | T2DM/T1DM incidence | Secondary | PA | GIS | Aggregate | Strong |
Cunningham-Myrie et al. [49] | 2015 | Jamaica | Upper middle | Cross-sectional | 2848 | 36.9 ± 2.7 | T2DM/T1DM prevalence | Blood sample | PA | Environmental audit | Individual | Strong |
Dalton et al. [59] | 2016 | UK | High | Longitudinal | 23,865 | 59.1 ± 9.3 | T2DM/T1DM incidence | Self-report | PA | GIS | Individual | Strong |
Dzhambov et al. [83] | 2016 | Bulgaria | Upper middle | Cross-sectional | 581 | 36.5 ± 15.4 | T2DM/T1DM prevalence | Secondary | Noise | Secondary | Aggregate | Moderate |
Eichinger et al. [50] | 2015 | Austria | High | Cross-sectional | 660 | 47.1 ± 14.1 | T2DM/T1DM prevalence | Blood sample | PA | Self-report | Individual | Moderate |
Eriksson et al. [85] | 2014 | Sweden | High | Longitudinal | 5156 | 47 ± 5 | T2DM incidence | Blood sample | Noise | GIS | Individual | Moderate |
Flynt et al. [73] | 2015 | US | High | Cross-sectional | NA | NR | T2DM/T1DM prevalence | Secondary | Food | Secondary | Aggregate | Moderate |
Frankenfeld et al. [74] | 2015 | US | High | Cross-sectional | 3227 | 11% >65Â years 75% >18Â years | T2DM/T1DM prevalence | Blood sample | Food | GIS | Aggregate | Moderate |
Freedman et al. [68] | 2011 | US | High | Cross-sectional | NA | 100% >50Â years | T2DM/T1DM prevalence | Self-report | PA, food | Secondary | Aggregate | Moderate |
Fujiware et al. [60] | 2017 | Japan | High | Cross-sectional | 8904 | 72.5 ± 5.2 | T2DM/T1DM prevalence | Blood sample | PA, food | GIS | Individual | Moderate |
Gebreab et al. [61] | 2017 | US | High | Longitudinal | 3661 | 54 ± 12 | T2DM incidence | Blood sample | PA, Food | GIS | Individual | Strong |
Glazier et al. [21] | 2014 | Canada | High | Cross-sectional | 2,446,029 | Â | T2DM/T1DM prevalence | Secondary | PA | GIS | Aggregate | Moderate |
Hipp et al. [78] | 2015 | US | High | Cross-sectional | 3109 counties | Â | T2D prevalence | Secondary | Food | GIS | Aggregate | Moderate |
Heideman et al. [86] | 2014 | Germany | High | Longitudinal | 3604 | 44.8 ± 13.7 | T2DM incidence | Secondary | Noise | Self-report | Individual | Strong |
Lee et al. [45] | 2015 | Korea | High | Cross-sectional | 13,478 | 47.6 ± 12.2 | T2DM/T1DM prevalence | Secondary | PA | GIS | Aggregate | Moderate |
Liu et al. [79] | 2014 | US | High | Cross-sectional | 17,254 | 46.5 ± 18.5 | T2DM/T1DM prevalence | Blood sample | PA, food | Self-report | Individual | Strong |
Loo et al. [62] | 2017 | Canada | High | Cross-sectional | 78,023 | 35% 18–40 years 23% >65 years | Glycaemic marker: HbA1c and fasting glucose | Blood sample | PA | GIS | Individual | Strong |
Maas et al. [66] | 2009 | Netherlands | High | Cross-sectional | 345,103 | 38% >45 years 63% < 45 years | T2DM/T1DM prevalence | Secondary | PA | Register | Individual | Moderate |
Mena et al. [53] | 2015 | Chile | High | Cross-sectional | 832 | 45 ± 14 | Glycaemic marker: Fasting glucose level | Blood sample | PA, food | GIS | Individual | Moderate |
Meyer et al. [81] | 2015 | US | High | Longitudinal | 14,379 (observations) | 45.2 ± 3.6 | Glycaemic marker: HOMA index | Blood sample | PA, food | GIS | Individual | Moderate |
Mezuk et al. [70] | 2016 | Sweden | High | Longitudinal | 2,948,851 | NR | T2DM incidence | Secondary | Food | GIS | Individual | Strong |
Morland et al. [75] | 2006 | US | High | Cross-sectional | 10,763 | 100% >50Â years | T2DM/T1DM prevalence | Blood sample | Food | GIS | Aggregate | Moderate |
Müller-Riemenschneider et al. [65] | 2013 | Australia | High | Cross-sectional | 5970 | 29% >65 years 30% < 45 years | T2DM prevalence | Self-report | PA | GIS | Individual | Strong |
Myers et al. [63] | 2016 | US | High | Cross-sectional | NA | NR | T2DM/T1DM prevalence | Secondary | PA, food | Secondary | Aggregate | Moderate |
Ngom et al. [64] | 2016 | Canada | High | Cross-sectional | 3,920,000 | NR | T2DM/T1DM prevalence | Secondary | PA | GIS | Aggregate | Strong |
Paquet et al. [54] | 2014 | Australia | High | Longitudinal | 3145 | 51.5 ± 15.5 | T2DM incidence | Blood sample | PA, food | GIS | Individual | Moderate |
Schootman et al. [56] | 2007 | US | High | Longitudinal | 644 | 56.2 ± 4.3 | T2DM/T1DM incidence | Self-report | PA, noise | Self-report, environmental audit | Individual | Moderate |
Sørensen et al. [84] | 2013 | Denmark | High | Longitudinal | 57,053 | 56.1 (50.7–64.2) | T2DM/T1DM incidence | Secondary | Noise | GIS | Individual | Moderate |
Sundquist et al. [22] | 2015 | Sweden | High | Longitudinal | 512,061 | 55 ± 14.9 | T2DM incidence | Secondary | PA | GIS | Aggregate | Moderate |