Table 2 The incidence rate ratios compare incidence between the pre-PCV era (1 April 2004–31 March 2006) and post-PCV era (1 April 2013–31 March 2015) for each disease endpoint. Also shown is ratio of incidence rate ratios (rIRRs) for each disease endpoint compared with the composite control, with the maximum and minimum denoting the range of the individual rIRRs using each of the five control conditions separately

 IPD

0.28 (0.25–0.32)

 Pneumococcal pneumonia

0.20 (0.15–0.26)

0.19 [0.15, 0.25]

 Pneumonia (unsp. organism)

0.69 (0.67–0.71)

0.66 [0.51, 0.89]

 Empyema

0.46 (0.35–0.60)

0.44 [0.34, 0.59]

 Lung abscess with pneumonia

0.50 (0.17–1.50)

0.49 [0.38, 0.65]

 Non-specific sepsis

2.89 (2.72–3.06)

2.79 [2.15, 3.73]

 Pneumococcal sepsis

0.34 (0.28–0.40)

0.33 [0.25, 0.44]

 Otitis media

0.78 (0.76–0.81)

0.76 [0.58, 1.01]

 Otitis media with tympanostomy

0.53 (0.50–0.56)

0.51 [0.39, 0.69]

 IPD

0.29 (0.24–0.34)

 Pneumococcal pneumonia

0.42 (0.31–0.56)

0.47 [0.36, 0.65]

 Pneumonia (unsp. organism)

0.72 (0.70–0.74)

0.80 [0.62, 1.11]

 Empyema

0.51 (0.41–0.63)

0.57 [0.44, 0.79]

 Lung abscess with pneumonia

0.63 (0.28–1.44)

0.70 [0.54, 0.98]

 Non-specific sepsis

2.28 (2.04–2.55)

2.54 [1.95, 3.52]

 Pneumococcal sepsis

0.48 (0.34–0.68)

0.53 [0.41, 0.74]

 Otitis media

0.82 (0.81–0.84)

0.92 [0.70, 1.27]

 Otitis media with tympanostomy

0.79 (0.77–0.81)

0.88 [0.68, 1.22]

 IPD

0.27 (0.23–0.31)

 Pneumococcal pneumonia

0.34 (0.25–0.46)

0.31 [0.27, 0.41]

 Pneumonia (unsp. organism)

0.73 (0.70–0.75)

0.67 [0.59, 0.87]

 Empyema

0.46 (0.38–0.56)

0.43 [0.37, 0.56]

 Lung abscess with pneumonia

0.45 (0.17–1.20)

0.42 [0.37, 0.55]

 Non-specific sepsis

2.18 (1.98–2.40)

2.02 [1.76, 2.63]

 Pneumococcal sepsis

0.79 (0.55–1.14)

0.73 [0.64, 0.96]

 Otitis media

0.80 (0.78–0.81)

0.74 [0.64, 0.96]

 Otitis media with tympanostomy

0.78 (0.77–0.80)

0.72 [0.63, 0.94]

 IPD

0.29 (0.25–0.34)

 Pneumococcal pneumonia

0.57 (0.45–0.72)

0.50 [0.40, 0.69]

 Pneumonia (unsp. organism)

1.18 (1.13–1.23)

1.04 [0.84, 1.43]

 Empyema

0.90 (0.72–1.11)

0.79 [0.64, 1.09]

 Lung abscess with pneumonia

1.15 (0.59–2.23)

1.01 [0.82, 1.39]

 Non-specific sepsis

1.87 (1.74–2.02)

1.65 [1.33, 2.27]

 Pneumococcal sepsis

0.85 (0.54–1.33)

0.74 [0.60, 1.03]

 Otitis media

0.86 (0.81–0.90)

0.75 [0.61, 1.04]

 Otitis media with tympanostomy

0.85 (0.80–0.92)

0.75 [0.61, 1.04]

 IPD

0.35 (0.32–0.37)

 Pneumococcal pneumonia

0.82 (0.74–0.90)

0.68 [0.52, 0.82]

 Pneumonia (unsp. organism)

1.34 (1.31–1.36)

1.11 [0.86, 1.34]

 Empyema

1.33 (1.19–1.48)

1.11 [0.85, 1.33]

 Lung abscess with pneumonia

2.09 (1.54–2.83)

1.74 [1.34, 2.10]

 Non-specific sepsis

2.14 (2.05–2.23)

1.78 [1.37, 2.15]

 Pneumococcal sepsis

0.84 (0.68–1.04)

0.70 [0.54, 0.84]

 Otitis media

0.98 (0.94–1.02)

0.82 [0.63, 0.98]

 Otitis media with tympanostomy

0.97 (0.93–1.02)

0.81 [0.62, 0.98]

 IPD

0.50 (0.48–0.53)

 Pneumococcal pneumonia

1.21 (1.12–1.30)

0.91 [0.69, 1.03]

 Pneumonia (unsp. organism)

1.90 (1.87–1.93)

1.44 [1.09, 1.63]

 Empyema

1.41 (1.30–1.53)

1.07 [0.81, 1.21]

 Lung abscess with pneumonia

2.13 (1.65–2.75)

1.61 [1.22, 1.83]

 Non-specific sepsis

3.00 (2.92–3.09)

2.28 [1.73, 2.58]

 Pneumococcal sepsis

1.17 (1.00–1.37)

0.89 [0.67, 1.01]

 Otitis media

0.97 (0.94–1.01)

0.74 [0.56, 0.83]

 Otitis media with tympanostomy

1.00 (0.95–1.04)

0.75 [0.57, 0.86]

 IPD

0.66 (0.63–0.69)

 Pneumococcal pneumonia

1.08 (1.02–1.13)

0.87 [0.66, 1.03]

 Pneumonia (unsp. organism)

1.97 (1.95–1.98)

1.58 [1.21, 1.88]

 Empyema

1.49 (1.39–1.61)

1.20 [0.92, 1.43]

 Lung abscess with pneumonia

2.44 (1.95–3.06)

1.96 [1.50, 2.33]

 Non-specific sepsis

2.06 (2.03–2.09)

1.66 [1.26, 1.97]

 Pneumococcal sepsis

1.07 (0.94–1.21)

0.86 [0.66, 1.02]

 Otitis media

1.12 (1.07–1.17)

0.90 [0.69, 1.07]

 Otitis media with tympanostomy

1.12 (1.07–1.19)

0.90 [0.69, 1.07]