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Table 3 Predicted change in Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, 3rd edition (WPPSI-III) raw scores after study meals with fish (n = 105) and meat (n = 113)

From: Fatty fish intake and cognitive function: FINS-KIDS, a randomized controlled trial in preschool children

 

Main analyses

Sub-analyses

  

Models adjusted for

  

Pre-score, ageb

Pre-score, age, compliancec

Pre-score, age, compliance, interaction treatment*complianced

Intervention

Pre Mean (SD)

Post Mean (SD)

p a

Change Mean (95% CI)

p

Change Mean (95% CI)

p

Change Mean (95% CI)

p

WPPSI-III

         

Total raw score

 Fish

145.3 (35.0)

162.7 (36.2)

< 0.0001

17.7 (14.8 to 20.7)

0.97

20.4 (17.5 to 23.3)

0.0060

21.9 (19.4 to 24.5)

 

 Meat

141.7 (33.5)

159.8 (33.1)

< 0.0001

17.8 (15.0 to 20.6)

 

15.2 (12.4 to 18.0)

 

17.2 (14.7 to 19.8)

 

 Model fite

      

< 0.0001

 

< 0.0001

Verbal raw score

 Fish

56.6 (13.4)

60.4 (14.2)

< 0.0001

3.8 (2.6 to 5.0)

0.59

4.7 (3.6 to 5.8)

0.11

4.9 (3.8 to 6.1)

 

 Meat

55.9 (12.7)

60.2 (12.5)

< 0.0001

4.3 (3.1 to 5.4)

 

3.4 (2.4 to 4.5)

 

3.7 (2.6 to 4.8)

 

 Model fite

    

0.0061

 

< 0.0001

 

0.072

Information

 Fish

23.8 (3.2)

24.8 (3.0)

< 0.0001

1.0 (0.6 to 1.4)

0.63

1.1 (0.7 to 1.4)

0.90

1.1 (0.7 to 1.4)

 

 Meat

23.5 (3.2)

24.7 (3.0)

< 0.0001

1.1 (0.8 to 1.5)

 

1.0 (0.7 to 1.4)

 

1.0 (0.7 to 1.4)

 

 Model fite

      

0.067

 

0.95

Vocabulary

 Fish

18.0 (6.5)

19.2 (6.9)

0.015

1.1 (0.3 to 1.9)

0.99

1.7 (0.9 to 2.4)

0.0468

1.7 (1.0 to 2.5)

 

 Meat

18.4 (6.1)

19.5 (5.9)

0.006

1.1 (0.4 to 1.9)

 

6 (−0.1 to 1.3)

 

0.7 (−0.1 to 1.4)

 

 Model fite

      

< 0.0001

 

0.36

Word Reasoning

 Fish

14.8 (5.2)

16.4 (5.5)

< 0.0001

1.8 (1.1 to 2.4)

0.50

2.0 (1.4 to 2.7)

0.54

2.2 (1.5 to 2.8)

 

 Meat

13.9 (4.9)

16.0 (5.1)

< 0.0001

2.1 (1.4 to 2.7)

 

1.8 (1.1 to 2.4)

 

1.9 (1.3 to 2.6)

 

 Model fite

      

0.0001

 

0.036

Performance raw score

 Fish

51.7 (10.7)

57.3 (10.9)

< 0.0001

6.0 (4.7 to 7.3)

0.65

6.4 (5.2 to 7.7)

0.16

6.6 (5.4 to 7.9)

 

 Meat

49.2 (10.4)

55.2 (10.1)

< 0.0001

5.6 (4.4 to 6.8)

 

5.2 (4.0 to 6.4)

 

5.4 (4.2 to 6.6)

 

 Model fite

      

0.0018

 

0.13

Block Design

 Fish

24.6 (3.6)

26.2 (3.4)

< 0.0001

1.7 (1.3 to 2.1)

0.068

1.8 (1.3 to 2.2)

0.0269

1.9 (1.4 to 2.3)

 

 Meat

24.3 (3.7)

25.5 (3.4)

< 0.0001

1.1 (0.7 to 1.6)

 

1.1 (0.6 to 1.5)

 

1.1 (0.7 to 1.6)

 

 Model fite

      

0.14

 

0.15

Matrix Reasoning

 Fish

14.2 (4.8)

16.5 (4.7)

< 0.0001

2.5 (1.8 to 3.1)

0.52

2.5 (1.8 to 3.2)

0.48

2.5 (1.8 to 3.2)

 

 Meat

13.5 (4.3)

15.8 (3.9)

< 0.0001

2.2 (1.6 to 3.1)

 

2.2 (1.5to 2.8)

 

2.2 (1.5 to 2.8)

 

 Model fite

      

0.72

 

0.91

Picture Concepts

 Fish

13.0 (5.0)

14.6 (5.1)

0.0015

2.1 (1.1 to 3.0)

0.91

2.4 (1.4 to 3.3)

0.26

2.4 (1.5 to 3.3)

 

 Meat

11.5 (5.4)

1.39 (5.2)

< 0.0001

2.0 (1.1 to 2.9)

 

1.7 (0.8 to 2.6)

 

1.8 (0.9 to 2.7)

 

 Model fite

      

0.0011

 

0.45

Processing speed raw score

 Fish

37.0 (17.1)

45.0 (18.2)

< 0.0001

8.1 (5.9 to 10.3)

0.83

9.3 (7.1 to 11.4)

0.099

10.5 (8.4 to 12.5)

 

 Meat

36.6 (16.3)

44.4 (18.6)

< 0.0001

7.8 (5.7 to 9.9)

 

6.7 (4.6 to 8.8)

 

8.0 (6.0 to 10.0)

 

 Model fite

      

< 0.0001

 

< 0.0001

Coding

  Fish

23.5 (12.0)

28.1 (12.9)

< 0.0001

4.5 (2.9 to 6.2)

0.58

5.4 (3.8 to 7.0)

0.41

6.2 (4.6 to 7.7)

 

 Meat

23.6 (10.6)

28.8 (12.4)

< 0.0001

5.2 (3.6 to 6.8)

 

4.4 (2.9 to 6.0)

 

5.3 (3.8 to 6.8)

 

 Model fite

      

< 0.0001

 

< 0.0001

Symbol Search

 Fish

13.5 (7.1)

17.0 (6.9)

< 0.0001

3.6 (2.7 to 4.5)

0.12

3.9 (3.0 to 4.8)

0.0163

4.2 (3.3 to 5.1)

 

 Meat

13.0 (7.3)

15.6 (7.5)

< 0.0001

2.6 (1.7 to 3.5)

 

2.3 (1.4 to 3.2)

 

2.6 (1.7 to 3.5)

 

 Model fite

      

0.0044

 

0.0027

  1. Pre- and post-intervention data are given as mean (SD), change as mean (95% CI)
  2. Abbreviations: CI confidence interval, SD standard deviation
  3. aPaired samples t test for comparison of individual pre- and post-intervention values within each intervention group
  4. bLinear mixed effect model adjusted for pre-intervention score and age
  5. cLinear mixed effect model adjusted for pre-intervention score, age, and compliance (amount of fish/meat consumed)
  6. dLinear mixed effect model adjusted for pre-intervention score, age, and interaction between treatment (intervention group) and compliance, mean values
  7. eLikelihood ratio test to compare the goodness of fit to the previous model
  8. A random intercept for kindergarten was included in all linear mixed model analyses
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BMC Medicine

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