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Table 3 Univariate baseline differences between trajectories for the whole sample

From: General and disease-specific pain trajectories as predictors of social and political outcomes in arthritis and cancer

Covariate

Low/no chronic pain (a)N = 7257

Increasing chronic pain (b)N = 1428

Decreasing chronic pain (c)N = 1010

Severe regressing chronic pain (d)N = 2282

BMI

26.36 (6.45)b, d

27.19 (8.16)a

26.67 (7.72)

27.18 (9.97)a

Age

63.16 (10.77)c, d

63.80 (10.20)d

64.68 (10.64)a

65.70 (10.37)a, b

GHQ-12

0.78 (1.90)b, c, d

1.33 (2.45)a, d

1.46 (2.63)a, d

2.22 (3.19)a, b, c

Sex (F)

3803 (52.40%)a, b, c

833 (58.33%) a, d

608 (60.20%) a

1455 (63.76%) a, b

Non-white ethnicity

193 (2.66%)a, b, c

52 (3.64%)a, c

15 (1.49%)a, b, d

91 (3.99%)a, c, d

Alcohol:

 Non-drinker

610 (8.41%)a, b, c

176 (12.32%)a, d

132 (13.07%)a, d

477 (20.90%)a, b, c

 Special occasions

1259 (17.35%)

281 (19.68%)

202 (20.00%)

573 (25.11%)

 Monthly

754 (10.39%)

166 (11.62%)

119 (11.78%)

219 (9.60%)

 Weekly

2381 (32.81%)

412 (28.85%)

288 (28.51%)

532 (23.31%)

 Daily

1880 (25.91%)

327 (22.90%)

228 (22.57%)

380 (16.65%)

 > 2 daily

328 (4.52%)

62 (4.34%)

36 (3.56%)

80 (3.51%)

Qualifications

 Higher education

1944 (26.79%)a, b, c

288 (20.17%)a, d

183 (18.12%)a, d

287 (12.58%)a, b, c

 Secondary education

2111 (29.09%)

410 (28.71%)

281 (27.82%)

502 (22.00%)

 Other

585 (8.06%)

126 (8.82%)

99 (9.8%)

194 (8.50%)

 None

2600 (35.83%)

603 (42.23%)

446 (44.16%)

1292 (56.62%)

 Ever smoked

4479 (61.72%)b, d

930 (65.13%)a, d

635 (62.87%)d

1576 (69.06%)a, b, c

 Smokes now

1210 (16.67%)d

269 (18.84%)d

174 (17.23%)d

508 (22.26%)a, b, c

 Holidays

1.89 (0.99)b, c, d

1.72 (1.00)a, d

1.66 (1.03)a, d

1.40 (1.02)a, b, c

 Civic engagement

0.60 (0.82)d

0.57 (0.81)d

0.55 (0.81)d

0.46 (0.74)a, b, c

 Social engagement

0.58 (0.73)b, c, d

0.51 (0.70)a, d

0.49 (0.69)a, d

0.40 (0.63)a, b, c

 Social activities

2.09 (1.09)b, c, d

1.83 (1.15)a, d

1.72 (1.08)a, d

1.47 (1.13)a, b, c

 Wishing to do more social activities

1.16 (1.38)b, c, d

1.45 (1.46)a

1.40 (1.42)a

1.53 (1.46)a

 Voted, 2001

5558 (83.73%)d

1127 (83.36%)d

783 (82.77%)d

1555 (78.26%)a, b, c

 Voted, 2005

3611 (88.74%)b, c, d

830 (85.57%)a, d

582 (83.5%)a

821 (79.94%)a, b

 Political membership

1064 (16.57%)b, d

186 (14.32%)a, d

133 (14.70%)d

182 (9.67%)a, b, c

  1. All comparisons are significant at the level p < 0.001
  2. Standard deviations are reported in brackets for continuous variables (BMI, age, GHQ-12 and social engagement measures)
  3. Superscripted letters denote a significant post-hoc difference between columns