From: Consumption of meat in relation to physical functioning in the Seniors-ENRICA cohort
 | Processed meat | Red meat | Poultry | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tertile 1 | Tertile 2 | Tertile 3 | Tertile 1 | Tertile 2 | Tertile 3 | Tertile 1 | Tertile 2 | Tertile 3 | |
Range (g/day) | 0.0–18.0 | 18.1–39.0 | 39.0–448 | 0.0–16.4 | 16.5–36.4 | 36.4–312.3 | 0.0–19.0 | 19.0–39.6 | 39.7–311 |
Number of participants | 994 | 994 | 994 | 994 | 994 | 994 | 994 | 994 | 994 |
Age (years) | 70.2 ± 7.0 | 68.8 ± 6.4 | 68.2 ± 6.2* | 70.2 ± 7.1 | 68.9 ± 6.4 | 68.0 ± 5.9* | 69.5 ± 6.8 | 68.9 ± 6.4 | 68.7 ± 6.5* |
Sex, men (%) | 38.0 | 45.5 | 56.0* | 35.4 | 44.2 | 59.9* | 42.6 | 46.8 | 50.2* |
Educational level (%) | |||||||||
 ≤Primary | 59.8 | 56.5 | 55.1 | 64.6 | 57.4 | 49.5* | 56.5 | 58.2 | 56.7 |
 Secondary | 21.7 | 24.9 | 24.3 | 18.7 | 26.2 | 26.0 | 22.4 | 25.3 | 23.1 |
 University | 18.5 | 18.6 | 20.6 | 16.8 | 16.5 | 24.6 | 21.0 | 16.5 | 20.2 |
Smoking status (%) | |||||||||
 Current smoker | 8.8 | 12.2 | 15.2* | 9.0 | 12.3 | 14.8* | 12.2 | 11.5 | 12.5 |
 Former smoker | 26.5 | 29.0 | 35.0 | 28.1 | 27.5 | 34.9 | 26.8 | 31.2 | 32.5 |
 Never smoked | 64.8 | 58.9 | 49.8 | 63.0 | 60.2 | 50.3 | 61.1 | 57.4 | 55.0 |
Leisure time physical activity (MET hours/week) | 21.1 ± 14.2 | 22.1 ± 15.1 | 22.5 ± 15.1* | 21.0 ± 14.4 | 22.3 ± 14.6 | 22.5 ± 15.3* | 21.3 ± 14.7 | 22.0 ± 14.5 | 22.5 ± 15.3 |
Watching television (hours/week) | 18.7 ± 11.0 | 19.7 ± 10.7 | 19.8 ± 11.9* | 19.6 ± 11.8 | 19.5 ± 11.2 | 19.0 ± 10.7 | 19.4 ± 11.8 | 19.6 ± 11.0 | 19.2 ± 10.9 |
Energy intake (kcal/day) | 1827 ± 470 | 2007 ± 490 | 2174 ± 560* | 1834 ± 493 | 1993 ± 487 | 2180 ± 543* | 1941 ± 542 | 2000 ± 488 | 2067 ± 543* |
Alcohol intake (g/day) | 6.6 ± 12.0 | 9.5 ± 15.5 | 11.6 ± 17.3* | 7.0 ± 13.8 | 8.7 ± 14.0 | 11.9 ± 17.2* | 9.2 ± 15.6 | 9.6 ± 15.2 | 8.9 ± 14.8 |
BMI (%) | |||||||||
  <25 kg/m2 | 22.1 | 22.3 | 17.2* | 20.8 | 22.0 | 18.9 | 20.6 | 22.4 | 18.6 |
 25–29.9 kg/m2 | 48.3 | 46.7 | 45.6 | 45.6 | 48.0 | 46.9 | 48.6 | 44.9 | 47.0 |
  ≥30 kg/m2 | 29.6 | 31.0 | 37.2 | 33.6 | 30.0 | 34.2 | 30.8 | 32.7 | 34.3 |
Diagnosed morbidity (%) | |||||||||
 Cognitive impairmenta | 3.4 | 3.4 | 2.3 | 4.9 | 2.7 | 1.6* | 3.2 | 3.1 | 2.7 |
 Osteomuscular diseaseb | 52.8 | 50.1 | 48.4 | 53.9 | 52.9 | 44.4* | 52.0 | 49.4 | 49.8 |
 Cardiovascular diseasec | 4.9 | 5.7 | 5.6 | 5.8 | 4.6 | 5.9 | 4.6 | 6.2 | 5.4 |
 Cancer | 2.5 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 3.0 | 2.8 | 3.0 | 2.1 | 3.7 | 3.0 |
 Chronic lung disease | 9.4 | 7.8 | 8.1 | 9.4 | 8.6 | 7.1 | 8.6 | 8.3 | 8.3 |
 Depression | 8.5 | 8.5 | 8.7 | 10.5 | 7.9 | 7.1* | 9.5 | 8.6 | 7.5* |
Food consumption (g/day) | |||||||||
 Vegetables | 213 ± 141 | 224 ± 135 | 219 ± 140 | 208 ± 136 | 222 ± 135 | 227 ± 143* | 197 ± 124 | 218 ± 129 | 242 ± 156* |
 Legumes | 54.3 ± 63.6 | 53.6 ± 63.4 | 55.7 ± 63.6 | 56.1 ± 68.4 | 53.5 ± 63.8 | 53.9 ± 58.0 | 54.2 ± 64.7 | 53.1 ± 61.9 | 56.2 ± 64.1 |
 Fruit | 354 ± 200 | 336 ± 198 | 321 ± 187* | 335 ± 192 | 344 ± 195 | 332 ± 199 | 337 ± 207 | 324 ± 178 | 351 ± 199 |
 Nuts | 8.9 ± 15.7 | 9.6 ± 15.5 | 9.6 ± 16.2 | 9.9 ± 17.6 | 9.3 ± 14.4 | 8.8 ± 15.3 | 9.3 ± 16.2 | 10.2 ± 16.1 | 8.6 ± 15.1 |
 Cereals | 207 ± 90 | 224 ± 88 | 241 ± 98* | 207 ± 89 | 225 ± 87 | 240 ± 100* | 220 ± 95 | 222 ± 86 | 230 ± 98* |
 Dairy | 333 ± 179 | 331 ± 197 | 319 ± 187 | 331 ± 181 | 327 ± 184 | 324 ± 198 | 320 ± 177 | 332 ± 196 | 330 ± 191 |
 Fish | 70.7 ± 50.5 | 70.4 ± 43.9 | 64.7 ± 43.3* | 60.1 ± 45.4 | 68.5 ± 42.7 | 77.1 ± 48.4* | 61.4 ± 43.3 | 67.3 ± 44.5 | 77.1 ± 48.8* |