Is telephone health coaching a useful population health strategy for supporting older people with multimorbidity? An evaluation of reach, effectiveness and cost-effectiveness using a ‘trial within a cohort’

Table 2 Intention-to-treat analyses of primary and secondary outcomes, using complete cases

	Intervention group (eligible patients selected for treatment)		Control group (eligible patients not selected for treatment)		Comparison		CACE estimates (estimated points change in those consenting to treatment)
	N	Mean (SD)	N	Mean (SD)	Adjusted difference	p value	Adjusted difference in means^a (95% CI)
	N	Mean (SD)	N	Mean (SD)	in means^a (95% CI)	p value	Adjusted difference in means^a (95% CI)
Primary outcomes
Patient Activation Measure (PAM)	326	62.88 (14.39)	577	61.92 (13.24)	1.44 (−0.46 to 3.33)	0.133	3.69 (−1.17 to 8.53)
WHO Quality of Life —- physical health (WHOQOL)	327	55.74 (19.15)	577	55.41 (18.72)	1.62 (−0.32 to 3.56)	0.099	4.15 (−0.82 to 9.12)
Secondary outcomes
Depression (Mental Health Inventory, MHI-5)	325	75.74 (16.40)	583	74.29 (17.26)	1.00 (−1.25 to 3.26)	0.373	2.56 (−3.20 to 8.36)
Self-care (SDSCA)	321	3.49 (1.09)	572	3.54 (1.10)	−0.04 (−0.19 to 0.11)	0.58	−0.10 (−0.49 to 0.28)

^aAdjusted for covariates gender, age, health literacy, social support, patient activation, depression and quality of life

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