Table 1 Characteristics of three high-risk opioid groups, patients with any opioid and the whole study sample
| Â | Chronic users | Concomitant users | Opioid disorders | Patients with any opioid use | All patients |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Number of study subjects | 2778 | 9200 | 1798 | 191,405 | 893,835 |
 Age | 47.22 (10.60) | 49.47 (9.64) | 38.59 (12.90) | 44.16 (12.64) | 42.43 (13.09) |
 Female | 47.16% | 65.76% | 42.83% | 55.14% | 49.52% |
Concurrent medical utilization in 2012 | |||||
 Total cost | 30,486 (57,670) | 28,818 (61,406) | 29,097 (50,380) | 14,005 (34,238) | 5456 (19,116) |
 Medical cost | 19,275 (53,908) | 22,195 (57,710) | 23,662 (49,056) | 11,888 (32,241) | 4321 (17,632) |
 Pharmacy cost | 11,211 (15,483) | 6623 (15,638) | 5435 (8119) | 2117 (8120) | 1135 (5357) |
 Opioid medication cost | 6169 (11,315) | 1393 (5560) | 2494 (4158) | 169 (1622) | 36 (754) |
 1+ Hospitalization | 15.95% | 17.59% | 29.14% | 9.28% | 2.98% |
 1+ Emergency visit | 29.84% | 33.55% | 40.71% | 27.76% | 12.36% |
Prospective medical utilization in 2013 | |||||
 Total cost | 31,045 (69,822) | 27,040 (58,601) | 26,061 (61,520) | 11,176 (37,069) | 5972 (23,001) |
 Medical cost | 19,663 (65808) | 20,008 (54,226) | 20,758 (60,462) | 8896 (34,402) | 4739 (21,325) |
 Pharmacy cost | 11,382 (17,539) | 7033 (18,156) | 5302 (7968) | 2280 (10,617) | 1233 (6530) |
  Opioid medication cost | 6079 (13,170) | 1459 (6506) | 2416 (4606) | 174 (1842) | 40 (857) |
 1+ Hospitalization | 14.25% | 15.03% | 17.96% | 6.10% | 3.03% |
 1+ Emergency visit | 27.54% | 31.07% | 34.32% | 18.61% | 12.01% |
Concurrent morbidity in 2012 | |||||
 Count of ADGs | 8.40 (4.34) | 9.40 (4.22) | 8.73 (4.36) | 6.55 (3.78) | 4.12 (3.49) |
 Count of RxMGs | 8.85 (4.53) | 10.31 (4.13) | 7.77 (4.51) | 5.98 (3.41) | 3.00 (3.09) |
 Count of chronic conditions | 4.00 (3.11) | 4.43 (3.13) | 4.11 (2.95) | 2.26 (2.40) | 1.31 (1.85) |
 Count of active ingredients | 13.10 (8.16) | 15.84 (8.09) | 11.65 (8.37) | 8.42 (5.79) | 4.03 (4.64) |
 Concurrent risk score | 4.67 (6.81) | 4.95 (6.96) | 5.16 (6.77) | 2.49 (4.33) | 1.14 (2.66) |
Prospective morbidity in 2013 | |||||
 Count of ADGs | 8.25 (4.52) | 9.13 (4.45) | 7.73 (4.63) | 5.86 (4.01) | 4.18 (3.58) |
 Count of RxMGs | 8.76 (4.64) | 10.02 (4.41) | 7.15 (4.65) | 5.07 (3.92) | 3.12 (3.19) |
 Count of chronic conditions | 4.03 (3.26) | 4.45 (3.26) | 3.64 (3.11) | 2.20 (2.48) | 1.41 (1.96) |
 Count of active ingredients | 12.75 (8.29) | 15.17 (8.38) | 10.42 (8.12) | 7.13 (6.34) | 4.18 (4.81) |
 Concurrent risk score | 4.75 (7.42) | 4.88 (7.10) | 3.99 (6.22) | 2.17 (4.33) | 1.22 (2.95) |
Overlap between three high-risk opioid groups in 2012 | |||||
 Chronic users | – | 13.33% | 29.48% | 1.45% | 0.31% |
 Concomitant users | 44.13% | – | 25.80% | 4.81% | 1.03% |
 Opioid disorders | 19.08% | 5.04% | – | 0.94% | 0.27% |
Magnitude of high-risk use in 2012 | 115.72 (85.23) / Days | 150.72 (102.72) / Days | 3.74 (3.29) / Months | – | – |
Count of high-risk user membership in 2012 | |||||
 Count of membership | 1.63 (0.60) | 1.18 (0.43) | 1.55 (0.66) | 0.07 (0.30) | 0.02 (0.14) |
 0 | – | – | – | 93.87% | 98.62% |
 1 | 43.05% | 83.52% | 54.39% | 5.15% | 1.17% |
 2 | 50.68% | 14.59% | 35.93% | 0.89% | 0.19% |
 3 | 6.26% | 1.89% | 9.68% | 0.09% | 0.02% |