Table 2 Risk and prognostic factors, and relative risks for morbidity and mortality, for measles, diarrhea, and pneumonia

Measles – Measles vaccine

• Wasting: z-score < –3 SD (38.0, 95% CI 5.1–200.7); –2 SD < z-score < –3 SD (8.5, 95% CI 1.3–42.9)

• Maternal education (3.2)^a

• Having no other children vaccinated at home (3.0)^a

• Underweight: z-score < –3 SD (5.7, 95% CI 1.8–12.4); –2 SD < z-score < –3 SD (2.5, 95% CI 1.3–5.1)

• Stunting: z-score < –3 SD (2.5, 95% CI 1.1–6.6); –2 SD < z-score < –3 SD (1.5, 95% CI 1.0–3.3)

• Vitamin A deficiency (2.4, 95% CI 1.6–3.5)

• Wasting: z-score < –3 SD (38.0, 95% CI 5.1–200.7); –2 SD < z-score < –3 SD (8.5, 95% CI 1.3–42.9)

• Underweight: z-score < –3 SD (5.7, 95% CI 1.8–12.4); –2 SD < z-score < –3 SD (2.5, 95% CI 1.3–5.1)

• Stunting: z-score < –3 SD (2.5, 95% CI 1.1–6.6); –2 SD < z-score < –3 SD (1.5, 95% CI 1.0–3.3)

• Vitamin A deficiency (2.4, 95% CI 1.6–3.5)

• More than one child (1.8)^a

• Age at infection (NA)^a

• Secondary (versus primary) exposure (NA)^a

• Infection with complication (NA)^a

• Overcrowding (NA)^a

• Intensity of exposure and patterns of disease transmission (NA)^a

[14, 27, 34, 35]

Pneumonia – Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine

• Wasting: z-score < –3 SD (116.7, 95% CI 25.2–179.3); –2 SD < z-score < –3 SD (25.6, 95% CI 6.1–39.7)

• Non-exclusive breastfeeding: None (4.5, 95% CI 1.0–18.3); Partial (5.4, 95% CI 1.0–20.9); Predominant (1.8, 95% CI 1.4–2.3)

• Underweight: z-score < –3 SD (2.1, 95% CI 1.8–2.7); –2 SD < z-score < –3 SD (1.3, 95% CI 1.2–1.4)

• Stunting: z-score < –3 SD (1.9); –2 SD < z-score < –3 SD (1.2)^b

• Zinc deficiency (1.8)^a

• Vitamin A deficiency (1.6, 95% CI 1.2–2.0)

• Low birth weight (< 2500 g) (1.4)

• Exposed to household air pollution (1.4)^a

• Crowding (more than five people per household) (1.4)^a

• Secondhand smoke (1.2)^a

• Parental literacy level (NA)^a

• Wasting: z-score < –3 SD (116.7, 95% CI 25.2–179.3); –2 SD < z-score < –3 SD (25.6, 95% CI 6.1–39.7)

• Non-exclusive breastfeeding: None (51.4, 95% CI 2.1–325.9); Partial (2.8, 95% CI 1.3–5.2); Predominant (1.9, 95% CI 1.0–4.1)

• Zinc deficiency (1.7)^a

• Underweight: z-score < –3 SD (2.1, 95% CI 1.8–2.7); –2 SD < z-score < –3 SD (1.3, 95% CI 1.2–1.4)

• Stunting: z-score < –3 SD (1.9, 95% CI 1.0–3.6); –2 SD < z-score < –3 SD (1.2, 95% CI 1.0–1.7)

• Vitamin A deficiency (1.6, 95% CI 1.2–2.0)

• Secondhand smoke (1.2)^a

[14, 27, 28, 36, 37]

Diarrhea – Rotavirus vaccine

• Wasting: z-score < –3 SD (105.8, 95% CI 42.2–158.0); –2 SD < z-score < –3 SD (23.3, 95% CI 8.9–35.9)

• Unsafe water source (11.2)^a

• Unsafe sanitation (3.2, 95% CI 2.8–3.7)

• Mothers handwashing not practiced at critical time (2.2)^a

• Underweight: z-score < –3 SD (2.3, 95% CI 2.1–2.8); –2 SD < z-score < –3 SD (1.2, 95% CI 1.1–1.5)

• Non-exclusive breastfeeding: None (2.2, 95% CI 1.5–3.2); Partial (1.5, 95% CI 1.0–2.3); Predominant (1.2, 95% CI 1.0–1.7)

• Stunting: z-score < –3 SD (1.9, 95% CI 1.3–2.7); –2 SD < z-score < –3 SD (1.2, 95% CI 1.1–1.5)

• Zinc deficiency (1.9)^a

• No hand washing with soap (1.7)^c

• Maternal literacy (1.7)^a

• Having more than two children aged under five years (1.7)^a

• Wasting: z-score < –3 SD (105.8, 95% CI 42.2–158.0); –2 SD < z-score < –3 SD (23.3, 95% CI 8.9–35.9)

• Unsafe water source (11.2)^a

• Non-exclusive breastfeeding: None (9.7, 95% CI 2.4–28.1); Partial (3.9, 95% CI 1.5–8.3); Predominant (2.1, 95% CI 1.0–4.6)

• Unsafe sanitation (3.2, 95% CI 2.8–3.7)

• Underweight: z-score < –3 SD (2.3, 95% CI 2.1–2.8); –2 SD < z-score < –3 SD (1.2, 95% CI 1.1–1.5)

• Zinc deficiency (2.0)^a

• Stunting: z-score < –3 SD (1.9, 95% CI 1.3–2.7); –2 SD < z-score < –3 SD (1.2, 95% CI 1.1–1.5)

• No handwashing with soap (1.7)^c

• Vitamin A deficiency (1.5)^b

[14, 27, 36, 38, 39]