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Table 2 Suicide mortality rates among Indigenous populations by WHO region and country

From: Global incidence of suicide among Indigenous peoples: a systematic review

WHO Region

Country

Indigenous peoplesa

Population

Period

Deaths

CSIR

SSIR

European Region

 Soininen (2008) [14]

Finland (Northern region)

Sámi

2091

1979–2005

24

50.0

 Thorslund (1989) [70]

Greenland

Kalaallit (Inuit)

1986

57

129

 Bjerregaard (2015) [12]

Greenland

Kalaallit (Inuit)

57,000

1970–2011

1678

87.7

East/north regions

Kalaallit (Inuit)

1970–2011

–307

187.5

Nuuk

Kalaallit (Inuit)

1970–2011

–303

86.6

Towns in Western region

Kalaallit (Inuit)

1970–2011

–837

81.2

Villages in Western region

Kalaallit (Inuit)

1970–2011

–222

61.4

 Klomek (2016) [71]

Israel

Bedouin

1999–2011

39

4.4

3.2

 Silviken (2009) [11]

Norway (Northern region)

Sámi

19,801

1970–1998

89

18.9

 Sumarokov (2014) [72]

Russia (Nenets Autonomous Okrug)

Nenets

7504

2002–2012

67

79.8

72.7

 Hassler (2005) [13]

Sweden

Sámi

41,721

1961–2000

114

11.7

Sámi (non-herding)

1961–2000

76

9.8

Sámi (reindeer herding)

1961–2000

38

19.6

Western Pacific Region (Australia)

 Clayer (1991) [73]

Australia (South Australia)

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander

13,298

1988

14

105.3

 Cantor (1997) [74]

Australia (Queensland)

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander

1990–1992

17.1

 Stevenson (1998) [34]

Australia

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander

1990–1992

67

11.1

 Bramley (2004) [32]

Australia

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander

1999

19.4

 De Leo (2011) [4]

Australia (Queensland)

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander

1994–2007

544

27.2

 Measey (2006) [41]

Australia (Northern Territory)

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander

2002

50.4

 Pridmore (2009) [3]

Australia (Northern Territory)

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander

2001–2006

130

36.7

 Campbell (2016) [75]

Australia (Kimberley)

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander

11,550

2005–2014

102

74

Western Pacific Region (Oceania)

 Booth (1999) [33]

American Samoa

Samoan

54,800

1990–1991

18

 Hezel (1984) [76]

FSM (Chuuk)

Chuukese

37,488

1971–1983

129

30

 Hezel (1989) [35]

Federated States of Micronesia

Pacific peoples

142,298

1984–1987

134

25.8

Chuuk

Chuukese

44,000

1984–1987

51

28.3

Kosrae

Kosraen

6448

1984–1987

6

25.9

Pohnpei

Pohnpeian

28,879

1984–1987

18

16.7

Yap

Yapese

10,139

1984–1987

5

20.2

 Booth (1999) [33]

Federated States of Micronesia

Pacific peoples

105,700

1988–1992

31

Chuuk

Chuukese

1988–1992

35

Kosrae

Kosraen

1988–1992

48

Pohnpei

Pohnpeian

1988–1992

20

Yap

Yapese

1988–1992

48

 Ree (1971) [77]

Fiji (Macuata)

iTaukei

9950

1962–1968

4

5.7

 Price (1975) [51]

Fiji

iTaukei

1971–1972

6

1.3

 Haynes (1984) [78]

Fiji (Macuata)

iTaukei

8111

1979–1982

2

6.7

 Pridmore (1994) [79]

Fiji (Western Division)

iTaukei

1986–1992

2

 Pridmore (1995) [80]

Fiji

iTaukei

1969–1989

3.6

 Booth (1999) [33]

Fiji

iTaukei

1982–1983

3

3

 Booth (1999) [33]

French Polynesia

Polynesian

218,000

1988–1992

9

9

 Booth (2010) [81]

Guam

Chamorro

1998–2000

21

 Hezel (1989) [35]

Marshall Islands

Marshallese

39,060

1984–1987

39

26.5

 Booth (1999) [33]

Marshall Islands

Marshallese

54,700

1988–1992

26

 Langley (1990) [82]

Aotearoa/New Zealand

Māori

1984

22

8

 Langley (2000) [83]

Aotearoa/New Zealand

Māori

1985–1994

271

8.8

 Bramley (2004) [32]

Aotearoa/New Zealand

Māori

1999

12.9

 Hezel (1989) [35]

Palau

Palauan

13,772

1984–1987

15

28.8

 Booth (1999) [33]

Palau

Palauan

16,500

1988–1992

29

 Parker (1966) [84]

Papua New Guinea

Pacific peoples

1961–1965

41

0.7

 Smith (1981) [50]

Papua New Guinea (Southern Highlands)

Huli

50,000

1971–1976

26

17

 Booth (1999) [33]

Papua New Guinea

Pacific peoples

4,216,100

1990

< 1

 Booth (1999) [33]

Samoa

Samoan

163,400

1981

31

34

 Pridmore (1997) [49]

Solomon Islands (Honiara area)

Pacific peoples

75,000

1989–1993

13

3.9

 Vivili (1999) [85]

Tonga

Tongan

98,200

1982–1997

43

2.9

 Booth (1999) [33]

Vanuatu

ni-Vanuatu

164,100

1990–1992

3

 De Leo (2013) [86]

Vanuatu

ni-Vanuatu

245,619

2010

2

0.8

Western Pacific Region (East Asia)

 Telisinghe (2014) [40]

Brunei Darussalam

Indigenous peoples (7 tribes)b

14,000

1991–2010

4

1.7

 Wang (1997) [87]

China (Hohhot, Inner Mongolia)

Meng

27,000

1986–1991

2.4

Hui

21,600

1986–1991

1.2

 Lu (2013) [44]

China (Yunnan Province)

Dai

325,126

2004–2005

12

Yi

582,596

2004–2005

20.8

Li su

147,794

2004–2005

50.8

Other ethnic minorities

1,922,430

2004–2005

0.96–36.4c

 Ali (2014) [43]

Malaysia (Sabah and Sarawak)

Bumiputera

2,981,300

2009

11

0.4

 Jollant (2014) [42]

Philippines

Palawan

1192

2002–2012

16

134

 Cheng (1992) [88]

Taiwan

Atayal

1981–1985

46.3

Ami

1981–1985

5.3

Bunun

1981–1985

64.8

Paiwan

1981–1985

16.3

 Hsieh (1994) [89]

Taiwan

Indigenous peoples

200,000

1971–1990

1597

40.1

Atayal

1971–1990

928

57.6

Bunun

1971–1990

222

44.7

Paiwan

1971–1990

204

21.3

 Wen (2004) [90]

Taiwan

Indigenous peoples

200,537

1998–2000

128

21.9

 Liu (2011) [91]

Taiwan (East region)

Ami

1979–1981

30

15.6

Atayal

1979–1981

30

68.2

Region of the Americas (Brazil and Canada)

 Coloma (2006) [45]

Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul)

Indigenous peoples (6 tribes)d

53,325

2000–2003

194

96.2

 Souza (2013) [46]

Brazil (Amazonas)

Indigenous peoples

184,764

2006–2010

131

18.4

Manaus

Indigenous peoples

2006–2010

 

0

Sao Gabriel da Cachoeira

Indigenous peoples

2006–2010

 

41.9

Tabatinga

Indigenous peoples

2006–2010

 

75.8

 Machado (2015) [92]

Brazil

Indigenous peoples

2012

14.4

 Orellana (2016) [21]

Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul)

Indigenous peoples (3 tribes)e

75,000

2009–2011

65.2

 Butler (1965) [93]

Canada (NWT/Nunavut)

Inuit

7949

1959–1964

9

18.8

NWT

First Nation

5284

1959–1964

0

0

Yukon

First Nation

2207

1959–1964

5

37.7

 Young (1983) [94]

Canada (Northwestern Ontario)

Cree and Ojibway

10,000

1972–1981

17

16.1

 Fox (1984) [95]

Canada (Wikwemikong, Ontario)

Anishinaabe

3000

1976–1980

26.7

 Wotton (1985) [96]

Canada (Labrador)

Innu and Inuit

2500

1979–1983

8

65.5

 Spaulding (1985) [97]

Canada (Northern Ontario)

Ojibway

3005

1975–1982

14

61.7

 Mao (1986) [98]

Canada (7 provinces)

First Nation (on reserve)

168,529

1977–1982

344

34

 Ross (1986) [68]

Canada

Cree

2822

1981–1984

7

83

 Garro (1988) [99]

Canada (Manitoba)

First Nation (Status Indians)

43,000

1973–1982

174

40.2

Dene

1973–1982

13

Ojibway (Northern)

1973–1982

5

Cree

1973–1982

22

Saulteaux

1973–1982

48

Dakota

1973–1982

80

 Malchy (1997) [100]

Canada (Manitoba)

First Nation and Métis

1988–1994

227

38

31.8

 Chandler (1998) [16]

Canada (British Colombia)

First Nation

1987–1992

220

45.2

 Isaacs (1998) [101]

Canada (NWT)

Dene

1994–1996

29

NWT/Nunavut

Inuit

1994–1996

79

 Bramley (2004) [32]

Canada

First Nation

1999

27.8

 Macaulay (2004) [8]

Canada (Kivalliq, Nunavut)

Inuit

7131

1987–1996

31

45.1

 Penney (2009) [102]

Canada (Nunavut)

Inuit

20,489

1999–2003

95.6

Canada (Nunavik)

Inuit

7628

1999–2003

159.8

 Pollock (2016) [30]

Canada (Labrador)

Innu

1815

1993–2009

28

–137.0

114

Inuit

2415

1993–2009

64

–186.8

165.6

Region of the Americas (USA, National)

 Ogden (1970) [103]

USA (24 Western states)

American Indian and Alaska Native

630,000

1967

94

17

23.1

 Young (1993) [104]

USA (IHSA)

American Indian and Alaska Native

1979–1981

18.6

 Lester (1994) [105]

USA

American Indian and Alaska Native

1980

13.3

 Lester (1995) [106]

USA (48 states)

American Indian and Alaska Native

984–166,464¶

1980

0.0–64.7f

 Stevenson (1998) [34]

USA

American Indian

1990–1992

572

15.5

 Bramley (2004) [32]

USA

American Indian and Alaska Native

1999

12

 Howard (2014) [107]

USA

American Indian and Alaska Native

2,439,419

1999–2010

4219

14.2

 Herne (2014) [6]

USA (IHSA)

American Indian and Alaska Native

1999–2009

3600

21.1

Pacific Coast IHSA

American Indian and Alaska Native

1999–2009

532

18.2

Southwest IHSA

American Indian and Alaska Native

1999–2009

1066

19.9

South Plains IHSA

American Indian & Alaska Native

1999–2009

626

18.7

North Plains IHSA

American Indian and Alaska Native

1999–2009

755

26.2

East IHSA

American Indian and Alaska Native

1999–2009

93

8.4

Alaska IHSA

American Indian and Alaska Native

1999–2009

528

42.5

Region of the Americas (USA, Alaska)

      

 Kraus (1979) [108]

USA (Alaska)

Alaska Native

56,477

1970

29.6

 Travis (1983) [109]

USA (Alaska)

Alaska Native

1975–1979

15.8–52.6g

 Travis (1984) [110]

USA (NANA, Alaska)

Inupiat

7345

1974–1980

106

USA (Arctic Slope, Alaska)

Inupiat

1974–1980

19.2

 Hlady (1988) [111]

USA (Alaska)

Alaska Native

1983–1984

65

42.9

 Forbes (1988) [112]

USA (Alaska)

Alaska Native

1985

47

64.9

68.8

 Kettl (1991) [113]

USA (Alaska)

Alaska Native

1979–1984

90

23.4

 Andon (1997) [114]

USA (Alaska)

Athabascan

6041

1977–1987

40

55.1

 Marshall (1998) [115]

USA (Alaska)

Alaska Native

25,000

1979–1990

186

49

Yupik

1979–1990

103

53

Inupiat

1979–1990

60

89

Athabascan

1979–1990

23

147

 Day (2003) [47]

USA (Alaska)

Alaska Native

91,300

1989–1998

49.7

 Day (2009) [116]

USA (Alaska)

Alaska Native

97,012

1999–2003

204

36.1

 Wexler (2012) [7]

USA (Northwestern Alaska)

Alaska Native

7965

2001–2009

38

60

 Holck (2013) [48]

USA (Alaska)

Alaska Native

138,312

2004–2008

252

42.4

Region of the Americas (USA, Lower 48 States + Hawaii)

 Levy (1965) [117]

USA (New Mexico)

Navajo

87,000

1954–1963

59

8.3

 Kalish (1968) [118]

USA (Hawai‘i)

Kānaka Maoli (Native Hawaiian)

1959–1965

17.8

Other Pacific peoples

1959–1965

6.8

 Conrad (1974) [119]

USA (Arizona)

Tohono O’odham

12,179

1967–1971

10

18

 Shore (1975) [120]

USA (Pacific Northwest)

American Indian

23,921

1969–1971

20

27.8

 Sievers (1975) [121]

USA (Arizona)

American Indian

40,361

1971–1973

17

16.8

Apache

1971–1973

40

Akimel O’odham

1971–1973

7

Other American Indian tribes

1971–1973

26

 Miller (1979) [122]

USA (Southwest)

American Indian

1977

57.8

 Humphrey (1982) [123]

USA (North Carolina)

Cherokee

1974–1976

31.1

Lumbee

1974–1976

10.3

 Broudy (1983) [124]

USA (Mexico and Arizona)

American Indian

162,303

1975–1977

28.5

 Simpson (1983) [125]

USA (Northeastern Arizona)

Hopi

9406

1979–1980

5

27

 Levy (1987) [126]

USA (Northern Arizona)

American Indian

7600

1981

23.7

 Copeland (1989) [127]

USA (Florida)

American Indian

11,050

1982–1986

1

11

 Sievers (1990) [128]

USA (Arizona)

Akimel O’odham

4915

1975–1984

26

53

51

 Van Winkle (1993) [15]

USA (New Mexico)

Apache

1980–1987

179h

48.8

Navajo

58,936

1980–1987

 

18.2

Pueblo

1980–1987

 

32.2

 Wissow (2001) [129]

USA (Southwest)

American Indian

12,000

1985–1996

30.7

24.6

 Mullany (2009) [130]

USA (Arizona)

White Mountain Apache

15,500

2001–2006

41

45.5

40

 Martin (2010) [131]

USA (North Carolina)

American Indian

2004–2007

39

8.5

 Christensen (2013) [132]

USA (South Dakota)

American Indian

82,073

2000–2010

236

29

28

  1. WHO World Health Organization, CSIR crude suicide incidence rate, SSIR standardized suicide incidence rate, FSM Federated States of Micronesia, NWT Northwest Territories, IHSA Indian Health Services Area
  2. Standardized rates were adjusted with various populations; therefore they are not directly comparable. Population n are based on reported estimates in each article, but may not reflect denominators used to calculate incidence
  3. aGeneral terms such as Indigenous, Pacific Peoples, or First Nation were used when a specific nation or tribe was not identifiable
  4. bIndigenous tribes in Brunei Darussalam included Kedayan, Belait, Tutong, Bisya, Murut, Dusun, and Iban
  5. cRate range for 10 ethnic minority groups in Yunnan Province, China: Hui, Ha ni, A chang, Pumi, Bai, Yao, Zhuang, Miao, Meng gu, and Jing po minorities
  6. dIndigenous tribes in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil included Kadiwe’u, Guato, Ofaie ́-Xavante, Guarani-Kaiowá, Guarani-Ñandeva, and Terena
  7. eIndigenous tribes included Guarani-Kaiowá, Guarani-Ñandeva, and Terena
  8. fPopulation and rate range included 48 states
  9. gRate range for 9 Native regional corporations in Northwest Alaska: Athna, Bering Straits, Bristol Bay, Calista, Chugach, Cook Inlet, Doyon, Koniag, and Sealaska (NANA and Arctic Slope not extracted due to duplicate data with Travis, 1984 [110])
  10. hTotal number of deaths for Apache, Navajo, and Pueblo populations combined