From: Global incidence of suicide among Indigenous peoples: a systematic review
WHO Region | Country | Indigenous peoplesa | Population | Period | Deaths | CSIR | SSIR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
European Region | |||||||
Soininen (2008) [14] | Finland (Northern region) | Sámi | 2091 | 1979–2005 | 24 | 50.0 | – |
Thorslund (1989) [70] | Greenland | Kalaallit (Inuit) | – | 1986 | 57 | 129 | – |
Bjerregaard (2015) [12] | Greenland | Kalaallit (Inuit) | 57,000 | 1970–2011 | 1678 | 87.7 | – |
East/north regions | Kalaallit (Inuit) | – | 1970–2011 | –307 | 187.5 | – | |
Nuuk | Kalaallit (Inuit) | – | 1970–2011 | –303 | 86.6 | – | |
Towns in Western region | Kalaallit (Inuit) | – | 1970–2011 | –837 | 81.2 | – | |
Villages in Western region | Kalaallit (Inuit) | – | 1970–2011 | –222 | 61.4 | – | |
Klomek (2016) [71] | Israel | Bedouin | – | 1999–2011 | 39 | 4.4 | 3.2 |
Silviken (2009) [11] | Norway (Northern region) | Sámi | 19,801 | 1970–1998 | 89 | 18.9 | – |
Sumarokov (2014) [72] | Russia (Nenets Autonomous Okrug) | Nenets | 7504 | 2002–2012 | 67 | 79.8 | 72.7 |
Hassler (2005) [13] | Sweden | Sámi | 41,721 | 1961–2000 | 114 | 11.7 | – |
Sámi (non-herding) | – | 1961–2000 | 76 | 9.8 | – | ||
Sámi (reindeer herding) | – | 1961–2000 | 38 | 19.6 | – | ||
Western Pacific Region (Australia) | |||||||
Clayer (1991) [73] | Australia (South Australia) | Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander | 13,298 | 1988 | 14 | 105.3 | – |
Cantor (1997) [74] | Australia (Queensland) | Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander | – | 1990–1992 | – | – | 17.1 |
Stevenson (1998) [34] | Australia | Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander | – | 1990–1992 | 67 | – | 11.1 |
Bramley (2004) [32] | Australia | Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander | – | 1999 | – | – | 19.4 |
De Leo (2011) [4] | Australia (Queensland) | Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander | – | 1994–2007 | 544 | – | 27.2 |
Measey (2006) [41] | Australia (Northern Territory) | Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander | – | 2002 | – | – | 50.4 |
Pridmore (2009) [3] | Australia (Northern Territory) | Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander | – | 2001–2006 | 130 | – | 36.7 |
Campbell (2016) [75] | Australia (Kimberley) | Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander | 11,550 | 2005–2014 | 102 | – | 74 |
Western Pacific Region (Oceania) | |||||||
Booth (1999) [33] | American Samoa | Samoan | 54,800 | 1990–1991 | – | 18 | – |
Hezel (1984) [76] | FSM (Chuuk) | Chuukese | 37,488 | 1971–1983 | 129 | 30 | – |
Hezel (1989) [35] | Federated States of Micronesia | Pacific peoples | 142,298 | 1984–1987 | 134 | 25.8 | – |
Chuuk | Chuukese | 44,000 | 1984–1987 | 51 | 28.3 | – | |
Kosrae | Kosraen | 6448 | 1984–1987 | 6 | 25.9 | – | |
Pohnpei | Pohnpeian | 28,879 | 1984–1987 | 18 | 16.7 | – | |
Yap | Yapese | 10,139 | 1984–1987 | 5 | 20.2 | – | |
Booth (1999) [33] | Federated States of Micronesia | Pacific peoples | 105,700 | 1988–1992 | – | 31 | – |
Chuuk | Chuukese | – | 1988–1992 | – | 35 | – | |
Kosrae | Kosraen | – | 1988–1992 | – | 48 | – | |
Pohnpei | Pohnpeian | – | 1988–1992 | – | 20 | – | |
Yap | Yapese | – | 1988–1992 | – | 48 | – | |
Ree (1971) [77] | Fiji (Macuata) | iTaukei | 9950 | 1962–1968 | 4 | 5.7 | – |
Price (1975) [51] | Fiji | iTaukei | – | 1971–1972 | 6 | 1.3 | – |
Haynes (1984) [78] | Fiji (Macuata) | iTaukei | 8111 | 1979–1982 | 2 | 6.7 | – |
Pridmore (1994) [79] | Fiji (Western Division) | iTaukei | – | 1986–1992 | – | 2 | – |
Pridmore (1995) [80] | Fiji | iTaukei | – | 1969–1989 | – | 3.6 | – |
Booth (1999) [33] | Fiji | iTaukei | – | 1982–1983 | – | 3 | 3 |
Booth (1999) [33] | French Polynesia | Polynesian | 218,000 | 1988–1992 | – | 9 | 9 |
Booth (2010) [81] | Guam | Chamorro | – | 1998–2000 | – | 21 | – |
Hezel (1989) [35] | Marshall Islands | Marshallese | 39,060 | 1984–1987 | 39 | 26.5 | – |
Booth (1999) [33] | Marshall Islands | Marshallese | 54,700 | 1988–1992 | – | 26 | – |
Langley (1990) [82] | Aotearoa/New Zealand | Māori | – | 1984 | 22 | – | 8 |
Langley (2000) [83] | Aotearoa/New Zealand | Māori | – | 1985–1994 | 271 | 8.8 | – |
Bramley (2004) [32] | Aotearoa/New Zealand | Māori | – | 1999 | – | – | 12.9 |
Hezel (1989) [35] | Palau | Palauan | 13,772 | 1984–1987 | 15 | 28.8 | – |
Booth (1999) [33] | Palau | Palauan | 16,500 | 1988–1992 | – | 29 | – |
Parker (1966) [84] | Papua New Guinea | Pacific peoples | – | 1961–1965 | 41 | 0.7 | – |
Smith (1981) [50] | Papua New Guinea (Southern Highlands) | Huli | 50,000 | 1971–1976 | 26 | 17 | – |
Booth (1999) [33] | Papua New Guinea | Pacific peoples | 4,216,100 | 1990 | – | < 1 | – |
Booth (1999) [33] | Samoa | Samoan | 163,400 | 1981 | – | 31 | 34 |
Pridmore (1997) [49] | Solomon Islands (Honiara area) | Pacific peoples | 75,000 | 1989–1993 | 13 | 3.9 | – |
Vivili (1999) [85] | Tonga | Tongan | 98,200 | 1982–1997 | 43 | 2.9 | – |
Booth (1999) [33] | Vanuatu | ni-Vanuatu | 164,100 | 1990–1992 | – | 3 | – |
De Leo (2013) [86] | Vanuatu | ni-Vanuatu | 245,619 | 2010 | 2 | 0.8 | – |
Western Pacific Region (East Asia) | |||||||
Telisinghe (2014) [40] | Brunei Darussalam | Indigenous peoples (7 tribes)b | 14,000 | 1991–2010 | 4 | 1.7 | – |
Wang (1997) [87] | China (Hohhot, Inner Mongolia) | Meng | 27,000 | 1986–1991 | – | 2.4 | – |
Hui | 21,600 | 1986–1991 | – | 1.2 | – | ||
Lu (2013) [44] | China (Yunnan Province) | Dai | 325,126 | 2004–2005 | – | 12 | – |
Yi | 582,596 | 2004–2005 | – | 20.8 | – | ||
Li su | 147,794 | 2004–2005 | – | 50.8 | – | ||
Other ethnic minorities | 1,922,430 | 2004–2005 | – | 0.96–36.4c | |||
Ali (2014) [43] | Malaysia (Sabah and Sarawak) | Bumiputera | 2,981,300 | 2009 | 11 | 0.4 | – |
Jollant (2014) [42] | Philippines | Palawan | 1192 | 2002–2012 | 16 | 134 | – |
Cheng (1992) [88] | Taiwan | Atayal | – | 1981–1985 | – | 46.3 | – |
Ami | – | 1981–1985 | – | 5.3 | – | ||
Bunun | – | 1981–1985 | – | 64.8 | – | ||
Paiwan | – | 1981–1985 | – | 16.3 | – | ||
Hsieh (1994) [89] | Taiwan | Indigenous peoples | 200,000 | 1971–1990 | 1597 | 40.1 | – |
Atayal | – | 1971–1990 | 928 | 57.6 | – | ||
Bunun | – | 1971–1990 | 222 | 44.7 | – | ||
Paiwan | – | 1971–1990 | 204 | 21.3 | – | ||
Wen (2004) [90] | Taiwan | Indigenous peoples | 200,537 | 1998–2000 | 128 | 21.9 | – |
Liu (2011) [91] | Taiwan (East region) | Ami | – | 1979–1981 | 30 | 15.6 | – |
Atayal | – | 1979–1981 | 30 | 68.2 | – | ||
Region of the Americas (Brazil and Canada) | |||||||
Coloma (2006) [45] | Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul) | Indigenous peoples (6 tribes)d | 53,325 | 2000–2003 | 194 | 96.2 | – |
Souza (2013) [46] | Brazil (Amazonas) | Indigenous peoples | 184,764 | 2006–2010 | 131 | – | 18.4 |
Manaus | Indigenous peoples | – | 2006–2010 | – | 0 | ||
Sao Gabriel da Cachoeira | Indigenous peoples | – | 2006–2010 | – | 41.9 | ||
Tabatinga | Indigenous peoples | – | 2006–2010 | – | 75.8 | ||
Machado (2015) [92] | Brazil | Indigenous peoples | – | 2012 | – | 14.4 | – |
Orellana (2016) [21] | Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul) | Indigenous peoples (3 tribes)e | 75,000 | 2009–2011 | – | – | 65.2 |
Butler (1965) [93] | Canada (NWT/Nunavut) | Inuit | 7949 | 1959–1964 | 9 | 18.8 | – |
NWT | First Nation | 5284 | 1959–1964 | 0 | 0 | – | |
Yukon | First Nation | 2207 | 1959–1964 | 5 | 37.7 | – | |
Young (1983) [94] | Canada (Northwestern Ontario) | Cree and Ojibway | 10,000 | 1972–1981 | 17 | 16.1 | – |
Fox (1984) [95] | Canada (Wikwemikong, Ontario) | Anishinaabe | 3000 | 1976–1980 | – | 26.7 | – |
Wotton (1985) [96] | Canada (Labrador) | Innu and Inuit | 2500 | 1979–1983 | 8 | 65.5 | – |
Spaulding (1985) [97] | Canada (Northern Ontario) | Ojibway | 3005 | 1975–1982 | 14 | 61.7 | – |
Mao (1986) [98] | Canada (7 provinces) | First Nation (on reserve) | 168,529 | 1977–1982 | 344 | 34 | – |
Ross (1986) [68] | Canada | Cree | 2822 | 1981–1984 | 7 | 83 | – |
Garro (1988) [99] | Canada (Manitoba) | First Nation (Status Indians) | 43,000 | 1973–1982 | 174 | 40.2 | – |
Dene | – | 1973–1982 | – | 13 | – | ||
Ojibway (Northern) | – | 1973–1982 | – | 5 | – | ||
Cree | – | 1973–1982 | – | 22 | – | ||
Saulteaux | – | 1973–1982 | – | 48 | – | ||
Dakota | – | 1973–1982 | – | 80 | – | ||
Malchy (1997) [100] | Canada (Manitoba) | First Nation and Métis | – | 1988–1994 | 227 | 38 | 31.8 |
Chandler (1998) [16] | Canada (British Colombia) | First Nation | – | 1987–1992 | 220 | 45.2 | – |
Isaacs (1998) [101] | Canada (NWT) | Dene | – | 1994–1996 | – | 29 | – |
NWT/Nunavut | Inuit | – | 1994–1996 | – | 79 | – | |
Bramley (2004) [32] | Canada | First Nation | – | 1999 | – | – | 27.8 |
Macaulay (2004) [8] | Canada (Kivalliq, Nunavut) | Inuit | 7131 | 1987–1996 | 31 | – | 45.1 |
Penney (2009) [102] | Canada (Nunavut) | Inuit | 20,489 | 1999–2003 | – | – | 95.6 |
Canada (Nunavik) | Inuit | 7628 | 1999–2003 | – | – | 159.8 | |
Pollock (2016) [30] | Canada (Labrador) | Innu | 1815 | 1993–2009 | 28 | –137.0 | 114 |
Inuit | 2415 | 1993–2009 | 64 | –186.8 | 165.6 | ||
Region of the Americas (USA, National) | |||||||
Ogden (1970) [103] | USA (24 Western states) | American Indian and Alaska Native | 630,000 | 1967 | 94 | 17 | 23.1 |
Young (1993) [104] | USA (IHSA) | American Indian and Alaska Native | – | 1979–1981 | – | 18.6 | – |
Lester (1994) [105] | USA | American Indian and Alaska Native | – | 1980 | – | 13.3 | – |
Lester (1995) [106] | USA (48 states) | American Indian and Alaska Native | 984–166,464¶ | 1980 | – | 0.0–64.7f | |
Stevenson (1998) [34] | USA | American Indian | – | 1990–1992 | 572 | – | 15.5 |
Bramley (2004) [32] | USA | American Indian and Alaska Native | – | 1999 | – | – | 12 |
Howard (2014) [107] | USA | American Indian and Alaska Native | 2,439,419 | 1999–2010 | 4219 | – | 14.2 |
Herne (2014) [6] | USA (IHSA) | American Indian and Alaska Native | – | 1999–2009 | 3600 | – | 21.1 |
Pacific Coast IHSA | American Indian and Alaska Native | – | 1999–2009 | 532 | – | 18.2 | |
Southwest IHSA | American Indian and Alaska Native | – | 1999–2009 | 1066 | – | 19.9 | |
South Plains IHSA | American Indian & Alaska Native | – | 1999–2009 | 626 | – | 18.7 | |
North Plains IHSA | American Indian and Alaska Native | – | 1999–2009 | 755 | – | 26.2 | |
East IHSA | American Indian and Alaska Native | – | 1999–2009 | 93 | – | 8.4 | |
Alaska IHSA | American Indian and Alaska Native | – | 1999–2009 | 528 | – | 42.5 | |
Region of the Americas (USA, Alaska) | |||||||
Kraus (1979) [108] | USA (Alaska) | Alaska Native | 56,477 | 1970 | – | 29.6 | – |
Travis (1983) [109] | USA (Alaska) | Alaska Native | – | 1975–1979 | – | 15.8–52.6g | |
Travis (1984) [110] | USA (NANA, Alaska) | Inupiat | 7345 | 1974–1980 | – | 106 | – |
USA (Arctic Slope, Alaska) | Inupiat | – | 1974–1980 | – | 19.2 | – | |
Hlady (1988) [111] | USA (Alaska) | Alaska Native | – | 1983–1984 | 65 | – | 42.9 |
Forbes (1988) [112] | USA (Alaska) | Alaska Native | – | 1985 | 47 | 64.9 | 68.8 |
Kettl (1991) [113] | USA (Alaska) | Alaska Native | – | 1979–1984 | 90 | 23.4 | – |
Andon (1997) [114] | USA (Alaska) | Athabascan | 6041 | 1977–1987 | 40 | 55.1 | – |
Marshall (1998) [115] | USA (Alaska) | Alaska Native | 25,000 | 1979–1990 | 186 | 49 | – |
Yupik | – | 1979–1990 | 103 | 53 | – | ||
Inupiat | – | 1979–1990 | 60 | 89 | – | ||
Athabascan | – | 1979–1990 | 23 | 147 | – | ||
Day (2003) [47] | USA (Alaska) | Alaska Native | 91,300 | 1989–1998 | – | – | 49.7 |
Day (2009) [116] | USA (Alaska) | Alaska Native | 97,012 | 1999–2003 | 204 | – | 36.1 |
Wexler (2012) [7] | USA (Northwestern Alaska) | Alaska Native | 7965 | 2001–2009 | 38 | 60 | – |
Holck (2013) [48] | USA (Alaska) | Alaska Native | 138,312 | 2004–2008 | 252 | – | 42.4 |
Region of the Americas (USA, Lower 48 States + Hawaii) | |||||||
Levy (1965) [117] | USA (New Mexico) | Navajo | 87,000 | 1954–1963 | 59 | 8.3 | – |
Kalish (1968) [118] | USA (Hawai‘i) | Kānaka Maoli (Native Hawaiian) | – | 1959–1965 | – | 17.8 | – |
Other Pacific peoples | – | 1959–1965 | – | 6.8 | – | ||
Conrad (1974) [119] | USA (Arizona) | Tohono O’odham | 12,179 | 1967–1971 | 10 | – | 18 |
Shore (1975) [120] | USA (Pacific Northwest) | American Indian | 23,921 | 1969–1971 | 20 | 27.8 | – |
Sievers (1975) [121] | USA (Arizona) | American Indian | 40,361 | 1971–1973 | 17 | 16.8 | – |
Apache | – | 1971–1973 | – | 40 | – | ||
Akimel O’odham | – | 1971–1973 | – | 7 | – | ||
Other American Indian tribes | – | 1971–1973 | – | 26 | – | ||
Miller (1979) [122] | USA (Southwest) | American Indian | – | 1977 | – | 57.8 | – |
Humphrey (1982) [123] | USA (North Carolina) | Cherokee | – | 1974–1976 | – | 31.1 | – |
Lumbee | – | 1974–1976 | – | 10.3 | – | ||
Broudy (1983) [124] | USA (Mexico and Arizona) | American Indian | 162,303 | 1975–1977 | – | – | 28.5 |
Simpson (1983) [125] | USA (Northeastern Arizona) | Hopi | 9406 | 1979–1980 | 5 | 27 | – |
Levy (1987) [126] | USA (Northern Arizona) | American Indian | 7600 | 1981 | – | 23.7 | – |
Copeland (1989) [127] | USA (Florida) | American Indian | 11,050 | 1982–1986 | 1 | 11 | – |
Sievers (1990) [128] | USA (Arizona) | Akimel O’odham | 4915 | 1975–1984 | 26 | 53 | 51 |
Van Winkle (1993) [15] | USA (New Mexico) | Apache | – | 1980–1987 | 179h | – | 48.8 |
Navajo | 58,936 | 1980–1987 | – | 18.2 | |||
Pueblo | – | 1980–1987 | – | 32.2 | |||
Wissow (2001) [129] | USA (Southwest) | American Indian | 12,000 | 1985–1996 | – | 30.7 | 24.6 |
Mullany (2009) [130] | USA (Arizona) | White Mountain Apache | 15,500 | 2001–2006 | 41 | 45.5 | 40 |
Martin (2010) [131] | USA (North Carolina) | American Indian | – | 2004–2007 | 39 | 8.5 | – |
Christensen (2013) [132] | USA (South Dakota) | American Indian | 82,073 | 2000–2010 | 236 | 29 | 28 |