Outcome | USA and Europe | Asia overall | Regional BMI studies (Chinese and Korean) | WHO BMI studies (Japanese and Taiwanese) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GWG < guidelines | GWG > guidelines | GWG < guidelines | GWG > guidelines | GWG < guidelines | GWG > guidelines | GWG < guidelines | GWG > guidelines | |
SGA | 1.51 (1.39, 1.63) | 0.65 (0.62, 0.69) | 1.63 (1.45, 1.82) | 0.69 (0.63, 0.76) | 1.43 (1.2, 1.7) | 0.65 (0.57, 0.75) | 1.77 (1.56, 2.01) | 0.70 (0.63, 0.79) |
Preterm birth | 1.35 (1.17, 1.56) | 0.83 (0.74, 0.94) | 1.06 (0.78, 1.44) | 0.71 (0.58, 0.87) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
LGA | 0.62 (0.57, 0.68) | 1.93 (1.81, 2.06) | 0.55 (0.48, 0.63) | 1.68 (1.51, 1.87) | 0.61 (0.48, 0.76) | 1.86 (1.66, 2.09) | 0.49 (0.39, 0.62) | 1.49 (1.18, 1.87) |
Macrosomia | 0.62 (0.54, 0.70) | 1.87 (1.70, 2.06) | 0.60 (0.47, 0.77) | 2.18 (1.91, 2.49) | 0.75 (0.68, 0.83) | 2.0 (1.71, 2.34) | 0.52 (0.31, 0.88) | 2.76 (2.25, 3.38) |
Caesarean section | 0.92 (0.87, 0.98) | 1.26 (1.21, 1.33) | 0.98 (0.89, 1.06) | 1.37 (1.30, 1.45) | 0.94 (0.85, 1.04) | 1.43 (1.34, 1.52) | 1.02 (0.92, 1.14) | 1.32 (1.19, 1.46) |