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Table 3 Adjusted prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals for comorbidities in participants with COPD aged 40–79, U.S. NHANES 2007–2012 and Korea NHANES 2007–2015a

From: Racial differences in comorbidity profile among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

 

U.S. NHANES

Korea NHANES

Non-Hispanic White (n = 944)

Non-Hispanic Black (n = 324)

Hispanicb (n = 227)

Korean (n = 3808)

Asthma

Reference

1.23 (0.92 to 1.65)

1.05 (0.72 to 1.53)

0.56 (0.43 to 0.72)

Cardiovascular disease

 Hypertension

Reference

1.36 (1.23 to 1.51)

1.03 (0.89 to 1.20)

0.88 (0.81 to 0.95)

 Dyslipidemia

Reference

0.83 (0.72 to 0.96)

0.86 (0.73 to 1.00)

0.68 (0.63 to 0.73)

 Stroke

Reference

2.01 (1.16 to 3.47)

0.47 (0.14 to 1.61)

0.69 (0.45 to 1.06)

 Myocardial infarction

Reference

0.66 (0.39 to 1.12)

0.86 (0.49 to 1.53)

0.21 (0.14 to 0.33)

Diabetes mellitus

Reference

1.76 (1.34 to 2.31)

1.64 (1.18 to 2.29)

1.11 (0.90 to 1.38)

Anemia

Reference

3.82 (2.42 to 6.04)

2.18 (1.23 to 3.86)

1.31 (0.90 to 1.91)

Musculoskeletal disease

 Osteoarthritis

Reference

0.95 (0.82 to 1.10)

0.81 (0.65 to 1.01)

0.35 (0.30 to 0.40)

 Rheumatoid arthritis

Reference

1.83 (1.16 to 2.89)

1.40 (0.85 to 2.31)

0.31 (0.20 to 0.50)

 Osteoporosis

Reference

0.68 (0.45 to 1.03)

0.74 (0.46 to 1.20)

0.22 (0.16 to 0.32)

  1. aAdjusted for age, sex, BMI group (underweight, normal, overweight, or obese using World Health Organization criteria for the U.S. population and Asian criteria for the Korean population), and smoking status (current, former, or never)
  2. bHispanic was defined as Mexican American or other Hispanic
  3. COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, NHANES National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey