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Table 10 Associations between abnormal nutrient intakes and mortality across levels of frailty

From: Frailty, nutrition-related parameters, and mortality across the adult age spectrum

Nutrients

Frailty index score

≤0.1

p value

> 0.1 to 0.2

p value

> 0.2 to 0.3

p value

> 0.3

p value

HR (95%CI)

HR (95%CI)

HR (95%CI)

HR (95%CI)

Energy

Low

1.14 (0.74, 1.77)

0.554

1.00 (0.73, 1.35)

0.976

1.16 (0.83, 1.61)

0.384

1.55 (1.14, 2.10)

0.005*

Energy per weight

Low

1.16 (0.72, 1.86)

0.547

0.87 (0.64, 1.18)

0.373

0.93 (0.69, 1.25)

0.632

1.36 (1.00, 1.86)

0.052

High

0.77 (0.40, 1.47)

0.427

1.11 (0.73, 1.68)

0.620

1.04 (0.63, 1.73)

0.868

1.38 (0.85, 2.25)

0.195

Protein

Low

1.09 (0.64, 1.84)

0.758

0.93 (0.65, 1.32)

0.675

0.84 (0.61, 1.15)

0.266

0.93 (0.71, 1.22)

0.607

Protein per weight

Low

0.90 (0.56, 1.45)

0.670

1.05 (0.76, 1.45)

0.765

0.80 (0.59, 1.09)

0.161

0.84 (0.62, 1.12)

0.238

Carbohydrate

Low

1.25 (0.75, 2.11)

0.394

1.30 (0.92, 1.83)

0.134

1.25 (0.90, 1.74)

0.178

0.88 (0.66, 1.71)

0.367

Simple sugar

High

1.02 (0.46, 2.26)

0.964

0.73 (0.45, 1.17)

0.189

0.92 (0.57, 1.48)

0.720

1.15 (0.77, 1.81)

0.505

Dietary fiber per energy

Low

0.57 (0.32, 1.03)

0.064

1.42 (0.98, 2.26)

0.140

0.99 (0.66, 1.48)

0.941

0.89 (0.62, 1.27)

0.510

Percentage of fat

Low

1.16 (0.31, 4.36)

0.822

0.62 (0.27, 1.43)

0.265

1.42 (0.91, 2.21)

0.335

0.56 (0.31, 1.02)

0.990

High

1.29 (0.61, 2.73)

0.509

0.68 (0.44, 1.04)

0.072

0.96 (0.76, 122)

0.121

1.049 (0.75, 1.48)

0.784

Percentage of saturated fat

High

0.87 (0.58, 1.32)

0.523

1.27 (0.96, 1.67)

0.092

1.11 (0.85, 1.44)

0.450

0.97 (0.78, 1.21)

0.800

Cholesterol

High

1.17 (0.74, 1.84)

0.502

1.03 (0.76, 1.39)

0.857

1.21 (0.89, 1.66)

0.225

1.08 (0.84, 1.40)

0.552

Vitamin A, RAE

Low

1.47 (0.83, 2.59)

0.184

1.51 (1.03, 2.21)

0.033*

0.99 (0.71, 1.38)

0.935

1.03 (0.78, 1.37)

0.818

High

1.22 (0.16, 9.41)

0.849

–

 

2.01 (0.72, 5.63)

0.182

–

 

Vitamin C

Low

0.95 (0.62, 1.45)

0.814

1.26 (0.94, 1.67)

0.121

1.19 (0.90, 1.57)

0.223

1.23 (0.97, 1.56)

0.091

High

–

 

–

 

–

 

–

 

Vitamin E

Low

–

 

1.31 (0.62, 2.73)

0.478

1.20 (0.53, 2.74)

0.658

3.49 (1.15, 11.00)

0.033*

Vitamin K

Low

1.13 (0.65, 1.97)

0.657

1.35 (0.92, 1.98)

0.121

1.06 (0.74, 1.51)

0.755

0.97 (0.72, 1.31)

0.842

Thiamin

Low

1.61 (0.99, 2.60)

0.055

1.31 (0.95, 1.80)

0.095

1.17 (0.86, 1.58)

0.310

1.15 (0.89, 1.48)

0.288

Riboflavin

Low

0.83 (0.45, 1.53)

0.548

0.93 (0.62, 1.40)

0.733

1.17 (0.83, 1.65)

0.361

1.00 (0.75, 1.32)

0.992

Niacin

Low

1.15 (0.70, 1.91)

0.581

1.16 (0.83, 1.61)

0.388

1.05 (0.77, 1.43)

0.754

0.99 (0.76, 1.29)

0.945

High

0.81 (0.39, 1.70)

0.580

1.10 (0.68, 1.77)

0.699

0.58 (0.32, 1.05)

0.074

1.37 (0.89, 2.11)

0.148

Pyridoxine

Low

0.87 (0.55, 1.39)

0.566

0.96 (0.71, 1.31)

0.815

1.26 (0.95, 1.67)

0.106

1.03 (0.80, 1.32)

0.818

Folate

Low

1.04 (0.64, 1.66)

0.885

1.37 (0.98, 1.91)

0.068

1.39 (1.01, 1.91)

0.042*

1.13 (0.84, 1.51)

0.413

High

1.97 (0.59, 6.57)

0.269

1.35 (0.53, 3.45)

0.526

1.00 (0.31, 3.21)

0.996

0.77 (0.19, 3.16)

0.714

Cobalamin

Low

1.10 (0.68, 1.77)

0.695

1.09 (0.79, 1.49)

0.605

1.15 (0.86, 1.54)

0.351

0.94 (0.73, 1.21)

0.635

Calcium

Low

1.20 (0.67, 2.14)

0.548

1.09 (0.73, 1.62)

0.679

1.06 (0.74, 1.53)

0.747

1.05 (0.74, 1.50)

0.773

High

0.74 (0.10, 5.69)

0.769

1.42 (0.34, 5.99)

0.629

–

 

–

 

Phosphorous

Low

0.67 (0.34, 1.33)

0.251

0.85 (0.56, 1.29)

0.446

1.03 (0.71, 1.49)

0.888

1.14 (0.85, 1.53)

0.380

High

–

 

–

 

–

 

–

 

Magnesium

Low

0.74 (0.41, 1.32)

0.307

1.49 (0.94, 2.36)

0.089

1.40 (0.86, 2.28)

0.179

1.11 (0.73, 1.69)

0.634

Iron

Low

1.32 (0.75, 2.31)

0.338

1.09 (0.75, 1.60)

0.650

1.17 (0.81, 1.67)

0.402

1.06 (0.79, 1.42)

0.703

High

–

 

1.34 (0.42, 4.30)

0.620

–

 

–

 

Zinc

Low

1.04 (0.65, 1.67)

0.855

1.21 (0.89, 1.66)

0.228

0.90 (0.66, 1.23)

0.509

0.96 (0.74, 1.25)

0.761

High

–

 

2.47 (0.59, 10.41)

0.217

–

 

–

 

Copper

Low

1.24 (0.74, 2.06)

0.410

1.20 (0.87, 1.68)

0.270

1.25 (0.92, 1.71)

0.154

0.79 (0.60, 1.04)

0.098

High

6.35 (0.86, 46.98)

0.070

–

 

–

 

–

 

Sodium

Low

0.79 (0.37, 1.71)

0.550

1.04 (0.62, 1.72)

0.893

0.82 (0.47, 1.42)

0.475

0.96 (0.67, 1.38)

0.845

High

0.64 (0.38, 1.09)

0.099

0.84 (0.60, 1.17)

0.303

1.08 (0.79, 1.48)

0.609

1.13 (0.85, 1.48)

0.403

Potassium

Low

0.83 (0.33, 2.08)

0.695

0.86 (0.45, 1.64)

0.646

1.18 (0.50, 2.80)

0.700

1.00 (0.43, 2.32)

0.996

Selenium

Low

1.61 (0.93, 2.77)

0.088

1.03 (0.70, 1.52

0.885

1.05 (0.76, 1.47)

0.757

1.06 (0.80, 1.39)

0.700

High

–

 

–

 

–

 

–

 

Caffeine

High

1.07 (0.58, 1.98)

0.834

1.63 (1.09, 2.43)

0.016*

1.59 (0.97, 2.60)

0.064

0.61 (0.37, 0.99)

0.047*

Alcohol

High

0.92 (0.49, 1.74)

0.805

1.17 (0.81, 1.74)

0.386

1.18 (0.76, 1.83)

0.465

0.72 (0.43, 1.22)

0.223

Linoleic acid

Low

0.88 (0.54, 1.43)

0.599

1.55 (1.12, 2.16)

0.009*

0.81 (0.57, 1.13)

0.216

1.16 (0.87, 1.54)

0.312

α-Linolenic acid

Low

1.12 (0.69, 1.83)

0.652

1.18 (0.86, 1.63)

0.311

0.84 (0.60, 1.16)

0.279

1.21 (0.91, 1.61)

0.193

Fish oil

Low

0.82 (0.45, 1.50)

0.522

1.70 (1.00, 2.88)

0.048*

0.86 (0.57, 1.30)

0.466

1.04 (0.69, 1.57)

0.850

  1. RAE Retinol activity equivalents
  2. All analyses were adjusted for age, sex, race, energy intake, educational level, marital status, employment status, smoking and study cohort except for energy, energy per weight and dietary fiber per energy which were not adjusted for energy intake
  3. – Results are not available due to low sample sizes and mortality rate, *p value < 0.05
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