Skip to main content

Table 12 Associations between abnormal blood tests and mortality across levels of frailty

From: Frailty, nutrition-related parameters, and mortality across the adult age spectrum

Blood tests

Frailty index score

≤ 0.1

p value

> 0.1 to 0.2

p value

> 0.2 to 0.3

p value

> 0.3

p value

HR (95%CI)

HR (95%CI)

HR (95%CI)

HR (95%CI)

Total lymphocyte count

Low

1.03 (0.63, 1.70)

0.908

1.61 (1.21, 2.15)

0.001*

1.26 (0.96, 1.65)

0.102

1.43 (1.14, 1.81)

0.002*

Haemoglobin

Low

0.74 (0.23, 2.36)

0.609

1.41 (0.93, 2.15)

0.110

1.33 (0.98, 1.81)

0.064

1.45 (1.13, 1.86)

0.003*

High

0.70 (0.10, 5.09)

0.724

0.94 (0.23, 3.84)

0.934

3.04 (0.72, 12.76)

0.129

–

 

Mean corpuscular volume

Low

1.60 (0.38, 6.64)

0.519

0.92 (0.37, 2.28)

0.863

1.72 (0.74, 3.97)

0.208

1.07 (0.56, 2.04)

0.842

High

1.00 (0.24, 4.14)

0.999

1.19 (0.69, 2.03)

0.533

1.58 (1.02, 2.47)

0.043*

1.45 (0.99, 2.14)

0.059

Albumin

Low

2.70 (0.63, 11.62)

0.183

2.66 (1.23, 5.74)

0.013*

1.88 (0.88, 4.02)

0.105

2.51 (1.74, 3.64)

< 0.001*

Vitamin A

Low

–

 

–

 

–

 

–

 

High

0.33 (0.08, 1.34)

0.121

1.06 (0.66, 1.71)

0.795

0.74 (0.49, 1.10)

0.131

1.34 (1.02, 1.75)

0.035*

Vitamin C

Low

0.98 (0.42, 2.29)

0.958

1.80 (1.19, 2.75)

0.006*

1.25 (0.76, 2.07)

0.376

1.61 (1.13, 2.30)

0.009*

High

0.69 (0.17, 2.83)

0.605

0.81 (3.94, 1.65)

0.554

1.02 (0.57, 1.85)

0.936

1.18 (0.72, 1.93)

0.520

Vitamin D

Low

2.01 (1.32, 3.06)

0.001*

1.45 (1.10, 1.92)

0.009*

1.62 (1.23, 2.12)

< 0.001*

1.38 (1.10, 1.73)

0.006*

High

–

 

–

 

–

 

–

 

Pyridoxine

Low

1.47 (0.87, 2.48)

0.151

2.11 (1.54, 2.89)

< 0.001*

1.24 (0.90, 1.71)

0.192

1.31 (1.01, 1.70)

0.04*

Folate, RBC

Low

0.92 (0.33, 2.55)

0.877

0.93 (0.43, 2.03)

0.863

1.27 (0.67, 2.41)

0.462

0.83 (0.39, 1.77)

0.630

Cobalamin

Low

1.34 (0.49, 3.68)

0.572

1.14 (0.54, 2.43)

0.728

0.68 (0.34, 1.39)

0.294

0.97 (0.57, 1.64)

0.900

α-carotene

Low

0.87 (0.46, 1.63)

0.657

1.58 (1.12, 2.23)

0.009*

1.31 (0.92, 1.85)

0.131

1.23 (0.95, 1.61)

0.121

High

0.78 (0.40, 1.53)

0.469

0.80 (0.48, 1.32)

0.382

0.80 (0.48, 1.33)

0.383

1.00 (0.62, 1.62)

0.997

β-carotene

Low

1.04 (0.55, 1.99)

0.902

1.94 (1.33, 2.82)

0.001*

1.82 (1.26, 2.61)

0.001*

0.97 (0.71, 1.32)

0.854

High

0.92 (0.51, 1.67)

0.784

0.91 (0.60, 1.36)

0.636

0.91 (0.63, 1.31)

0.623

0.97 (0.69, 1.36)

0.846

β-cryptoxanthin

Low

0.95 (0.49, 1.81)

0.867

1.71 (1.24, 2.36)

0.001*

1.34 (0.97, 1.84)

0.074

0.99 (0.76, 1.29)

0.951

High

1.05 (0.62, 1.80)

0.849

0.73 (0.45, 1.17)

0.194

0.98 (0.66, 1.46)

0.916

0.94 (0.62, 1.42)

0.768

Lutein/Zeaxanthin

Low

0.73 (0.39, 1.36)

0.322

1.79 (1.33, 2.41)

< 0.001*

1.72 (1.30, 2.29)

< 0.001*

1.25 (0.99, 1.58)

0.055

High

1.09 (0.50, 2.40)

0.822

0.96 (0.51, 1.78)

0.891

1.20 (0.63, 2.30)

0.576

1.08 (0.62, 1.88)

0.772

Lycopene

Low

1.08 (0.65, 1.79)

0.774

1.56 (1.16, 2.08)

0.003*

1.60 (1.22, 2.09)

0.001*

1.24 (0.98, 1.56)

0.075

High

1.52 (0.77, 3.00)

0.227

1.16 (0.60, 2.22)

0.661

1.91 (1.04, 3.52)

0.037*

1.02 (0.50, 2.08)

0.965

Iron, serum

Low

0.78 (0.36, 1.69)

0.524

1.48 (0.98, 2.22)

0.061

1.41 (0.98, 2.03)

0.066

1.87 (1.46, 2.41)

< 0.001*

High

–

 

0.27 (0.04, 1.90)

0.187

–

 

–

 

Creatinine

Low

2.54 (1.15, 5.62)

0.021

1.01 (0.49, 2.09)

0.974

1.87 (1.02, 3.41)

0.042*

1.89 (1.05, 3.42)

0.034*

High

2.46 (1.04, 5.78)

0.039

1.22 (0.80, 1.86)

0.363

1.04 (0.75, 1.45)

0.798

1.48 (1.15, 1.90)

0.002*

Total cholesterol

High

1.05 (0.69, 1.59)

0.824

0.95 (0.72, 1.26)

0.740

0.84 (0.64, 1.10)

0.200

0.92 (0.73, 1.16)

0.458

Triglyceride

High

1.33 (0.88, 2.02)

0.178

0.78 (0.58, 1.06)

0.116

0.95 (0.72, 1.26)

0.728

0.95 (0.75, 1.20)

0.676

HDL-c

Low

1.50 (0.67, 2.32)

0.071

1.08 (0.79, 1.46)

0.639

0.93 (0.68, 1.28)

0.673

1.18 (0.94, 1.49)

0.158

LDL-c

High

0.97 (0.51, 1.87)

0.936

0.93 (0.61, 1.41)

0.729

0.60 (0.36, 0.10)

0.050

1.20 (0.81, 1.77)

0.364

Glucose

Low

1.99 (0.27, 14.73)

0.499

1.20 (0.38, 3.78)

0.758

0.44 (0.11, 1.81)

0.256

1.49 (0.77, 2.87)

0.236

High

1.34 (0.86, 2.09)

0.195

1.17 (0.89, 1.55)

0.263

1.09 (0.83, 1.42)

0.537

1.06 (0.85, 1.34)

0.593

Homocysteine

High

1.19 (0.16, 8.69)

0.865

1.73 (0.76, 3.90)

0.190

1.41 (0.74, 2.69)

0.298

1.71 (1.13, 2.60)

0.011*

  1. HDL-c high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-c low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, RBC red blood cell
  2. All analyses were adjusted for age, sex, race, energy intake, educational level, marital status, employment status, smoking and study cohort
  3. – Results are not available due to low sample sizes and mortality rate, *p value < 0.05
Back to article page

BMC Medicine

ISSN: 1741-7015

Contact us