Table 1 Application areas of spatial methods in TB studies
From: Methods used in the spatial analysis of tuberculosis epidemiology: a systematic review
Spatial method application areas | Methods used | References |
|---|---|---|
Spatial TB distribution or spatial clustering | Dot maps, rate maps, thematic maps, Moran’s I, GetisOrd statistic, NNI Besag and Newel statistic, k-functions, spatial scan statistic | [1, 2, 7, 8, 12, 16, 23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41, 44,45,46,47,48,49, 51,52,53,54, 57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72, 75, 93,94,95, 99, 100, 102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172,173,174,175,176] |
Risk factors | Bayesian CAR models, regression models (with or without including spatial terms), GWR, PCA, mixture models, spatial lag models | [8, 12, 33, 36, 38, 40, 42,43,44, 46,47,48,49,50,51,52, 58, 59, 62, 70, 71, 93, 94, 99,100,101,102, 104, 111, 112, 116, 117, 120, 123, 125, 127,128,129, 131, 136, 137, 141,142,143, 145, 148, 149, 156, 161, 164, 176,177,178,179,180,181,182,183,184,185,186,187,188,189] |
Monitoring spatiotemporal TB trends | Temporal trend maps | |
Intervention evaluation | Distance map, kernel density map | |
Barriers to TB care | Rate map, dot map, travel time map, distance map | |
TB program performance | Map (time to detection) | [184] |
HIV-related TB incidence | Rate map, dot map, spatial scan statistic | |
TB treatment outcomes | Spatial empirical Bayes smoothing, kernel density maps, spatial scan statistic, spatial regression | |
Mortality related to TB/HIV coinfection | Rate map, thematic maps, Moran’s I and spatial regression | |
Transmission | Dot maps (congregate settings) | |
Dot maps (cases) | ||
Geospatial and genotypic clustering methods | [1, 2, 25, 28, 47, 57, 59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72, 93,94,95, 169, 194] | |
Methodological | Spatial scan statistic | [25] |
TB outbreak detection | Spatial scan statistic | |
Prevalence estimation | Model-based geostatistics | [80] |
Drivers of MDR-TB | k-function | [35] |