Modulation of innate immune responses at birth by prenatal malaria exposure and association with malaria risk during the first year of life

Natama, Hamtandi Magloire; Moncunill, Gemma; Rovira-Vallbona, Eduard; Sanz, Héctor; Sorgho, Hermann; Aguilar, Ruth; Coulibaly-Traoré, Maminata; Somé, M. Athanase; Scott, Susana; Valéa, Innocent; Mens, Petra F.; Schallig, Henk D. F. H.; Kestens, Luc; Tinto, Halidou; Dobaño, Carlota; Rosanas-Urgell, Anna

doi:10.1186/s12916-018-1187-3

Table 2 Multivariable linear regression analyses assessing the effect of prenatal malaria exposure (PME) categories on TLR-mediated cytokine responses at birth

From: Modulation of innate immune responses at birth by prenatal malaria exposure and association with malaria risk during the first year of life

Cytokines*		Exposed/no PM vs non-exposed		Past PM vs non-exposed		Chronic PM vs non-exposed		Acute PM vs non-exposed
Cytokines*		Coeff (SE)	P	Coeff (SE)	P	Coeff (SE)	P	Coeff (SE)	P
TLR7/8 responses using log₁₀ of ratio cytokines concentrations
Pro	IFN-α	0.15 (0.08)	0.079	0.19 (0.08)	0.018	0.09 (0.09)	0.359	0.08 (0.15)	0.591
	IL-1RA	0.15 (0.12)	0.223	0.22 (0.11)	0.049	0.15 (0.14)	0.263	0.22 (0.22)	0.308
	IL-1β	0.13 (0.20)	0.522	0.36 (0.18)	0.049	0.32 (0.22)	0.140	0.11 (0.35)	0.765
	TNF	0.28 (0.24)	0.238	0.55 (0.22)	0.013	0.31 (0.26)	0.229	0.36 (0.42)	0.387
Th1	IL-12	0.18 (0.16)	0.259	0.34 (0.14)	0.015	0.30 (0.17)	0.074	0.30 (0.27)	0.276
	IL-2	0.12 (0.07)	0.092	0.15 (0.06)	0.019	0.14 (0.08)	0.081	0.09 (0.12)	0.448
	IL-2R	0.16 (0.10)	0.103	0.23 (0.09)	0.012	0.19 (0.11)	0.081	0.15 (0.18)	0.398
	IFN-γ	0.18 (0.12)	0.137	0.29 (0.11)	0.008	0.25 (0.13)	0.056	− 0.03 (0.21)	0.898
Th2	IL-13	0.14 (0.13)	0.272	0.25 (0.12)	0.031	0.25 (0.14)	0.079	0.26 (0.22)	0.237
Chemokines	MIP-1α	0.47 (0.27)	0.085	0.72 (0.25)	0.004	0.59 (0.30)	0.049	0.57 (0.48)	0.237
	MIP-1β	0.36 (0.25)	0.143	0.56 (0.22)	0.013	0.52 (0.26)	0.049	0.54 (0.43)	0.214
	RANTES	0.17 (0.10)	0.097	0.23 (0.09)	0.015	0.21 (0.11)	0.062	0.07 (0.18)	0.697
Growth factors	EGF	0.10 (0.06)	0.087	0.12 (0.05)	0.017	0.09 (0.06)	0.125	0.09 (0.10)	0.360
	FGF	0.16 (0.09)	0.069	0.22 (0.08)	0.005	0.23 (0.09)	0.017	0.32 (0.15)	0.037
	G-CSF	0.18 (0.13)	0.170	0.35 (0.12)	0.004	0.29 (0.14)	0.047	0.38 (0.23)	0.099
	GM-CSF	0.34 (0.16)	0.033	0.53 (0.14)	< 0.001	0.36 (0.17)	0.032	0.64 (0.27)	0.020
	HGF	0.08 (0.06)	0.151	0.11 (0.05)	0.029	0.06 (0.06)	0.299	0.04 (0.10)	0.676
TLR9 responses using log₁₀ of ratio cytokines concentrations
Th2	IL-5	− 0.08 (0.07)	0.283	− 0.11 (0.07)	0.008	− 0.20 (0.08)	0.009	− 0.14 (0.13)	0.267
Growth factors	FGF	0.08 (0.07)	0.231	0.14 (0.06)	0.028	0.15 (0.07)	0.050	0.14 (0.12)	0.234
Growth factors	G-CSF	0.11 (0.08)	0.187	0.17 (0.07)	0.016	0.15 (0.09)	0.082	0.09 (0.09)	0.505
TLR3 responses using log₁₀ of ratio cytokines concentrations
Th2	IL-5	− 0.06 (0.06)	0.392	− 0. 12(0.06)	0.046	− 0.15 (0.07)	0.033	− 0.02 (0.11)	0.841
Chemokines	IP-10	0.13 (0.11)	0.222	0.22 (0.10)	0.026	0.32 (0.12)	0.008	0.10 (0.19)	0.584
Unstimulated samples using log₁₀ of crude cytokines concentrations
Pro	IFN-α	− 0.11 (0.07)	0.154	− 0.14 (0.07)	0.038	− 0.15 (0.08)	0.069	− 0.01 (0.13)	0.948
	IL-1RA	− 0.24 (0.12)	0.055	− 0.23 (0.11)	0.040	− 0.23 (0.14)	0.086	− 0.37 (0.21)	0.084
	IL-1β	− 0.35 (0.24)	0.152	− 0.58 (0.22)	0.008	− 0.50 (0.26)	0.057	− 0.62 (0.42)	0.142
	TNF	− 0.40 (0.26)	0.117	− 0. 61(0.23)	0.009	− 0.49 (0.28)	0.079	− 0.47 (0.45)	0.296
Anti	IL-10	− 0.22 (0.32)	0.485	− 0.60 (0.29)	0.041	− 0.45 (0.35)	0.204	− 0.92 (0.56)	0.105
Anti	IL-7	− 0.34 (0.10)	< 0.001	− 0.40 (0.09)	< 0.001	− 0.35 (0.11)	< 0.001	− 0.40 (0.17)	0.021
Th1	IL-15	− 0.39 (0.16)	0.015	− 0.52 (0.14)	< 0.001	− 0.52 (0.17)	0.003	− 0.36 (0.28)	0.190
	IL-2	− 0.15 (0.08)	0.064	− 0.16 (0.07)	0.032	− 0.18 (0.09)	0.053	− 0.12 (0.14)	0.382
	IFN-γ	− 0.14 (0.08)	0.094	− 0.17 (0.07)	0.023	− 0.21 (0.09)	0.024	− 0.10 (0.14)	0.494
Th2	IL-13	− 0.25 (0.12)	0.038	− 0.22 (0.11)	0.042	− 0.32 (0.13)	0.014	− 0.12 (0.21)	0.056
Th2	IL-4	− 0.27 (0.14)	0.057	− 0.40 (0.13)	0.002	− 0.26 (0.15)	0.096	− 0.07 (0.25)	0.769
Th17	IL-17	− 0.13 (0.07)	0.046	− 0.15 (0.06)	0.016	− 0.17 (0.07)	0.017	− 0.18 (0.12)	0.128
Chemokines	MIP-1α	− 0.29 (0.28)	0.297	− 0.56 (0.25)	0.029	− 0.50 (0.31)	0.102	− 0.37 (0.49)	0.453
Chemokines	RANTES	− 0.23 (0.12)	0.050	− 0.25 (0.11)	0.023	− 0.28 (0.13)	0.029	− 0.19 (0.21)	0.371
Growth factors	EGF	− 0.11 (0.07)	0.106	− 0.12 (0.06)	0.047	− 0.15 (0.07)	0.049	− 0.09 (0.12)	0.446
	FGF	− 0.12 (0.08)	0.151	− 0.15 (0.08)	0.049	− 0. 17(0.09)	0.070	− 0.17 (0.15)	0.244
	G-CSF	− 0.21 (0.17)	0.229	− 0.37 (0.15)	0.019	− 0.37 (0.15)	0.045	− 0.33 (0.30)	0.276
	GM-CSF	− 0.36 (0.19)	0.058	− 0.59 (0.17)	< 0.001	− 0.60 (0.21)	0.004	− 0.59 (0.33)	0.079
	HGF	− 0.19 (0.07)	0.008	− 0.20 (0.06)	0.002	− 0.19 (0.08)	0.015	− 0.15 (0.12)	0.221
	VEGF	− 0.45 (0.22)	0.041	− 0.59 (0.20)	0.003	− 0.43 (0.24)	0.070	− 0.35 (0.38)	0.356

PM placental malaria, Coeff coefficient, SE standard error, Pro proinflammatory cytokines, P p value, Anti anti-inflammatory cytokines, Th1 Th1-type cytokines, Th2 Th2-type cytokines, Th17 Th17, type cytokines. *Only cytokines whose concentrations are significantly modified by categories of PME are presented. Non-exposed category was used as reference in each model. Significant results are shown in italic

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