Fig. 2

Joint associations of ethnicity and gestational diabetes with fetal growth. Average predicted growth trajectories of head circumference (A), femur length (B), abdominal circumference (C), and estimated fetal weight (D) stratified by ethnic origin (South Asian vs. White European) and gestational diabetes status (yes vs. no). All growth trajectories are estimated using multilevel fractional polynomial models with adjustment for infant sex, maternal age at delivery, parity, height, body mass index, education levels, smoking, and alcohol use during pregnancy, and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.