Intervention | Control | Unadjusted effect size (95% CI) | p value | Adjusted effect sizea (95% CI) | Adjusted p valuea | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pregnancy complications | ||||||
Gestational diabetes mellitus | 109/1008 (10.8%) | 106/954 (11.1%) | 0.74 (0.37 to 1.47) | 0.383 | 0.84 (0.41 to 1.71) | 0.622 |
Dietary treatment | 24/1008 (2.4%) | 33/954 (3.5%) | ||||
Insulin treatment | 19/1008 (1.8%) | 17/954 (1.8%) | ||||
Treated GDM | 35/1008 (3.5%) | 47/954 (4.9%) | 0.68 (0.33 to 1.39) | 0.285 | 0.76 (0.43 to 1.37) | 0.364 |
HbA1c, mmol/mol | 32.2 ± 3.7 | 32.1 ± 3.5 | 0.15 (– 0.45 to 0.74) | 0.633 | 0.24 (– 0.40 to 0.87) | 0.468 |
HbA1c, % | 5.1 ± 0.3 | 5.1 ± 0.3 | 0.01 (– 0.00 to 0.03) | 0.126 | 0.02 (– 0.01 to 0.05) | 0.119 |
Hypertensionb | 99/1041 (9.5%) | 66/1039 (6.4%) | 1.56 (0.98 to 2.49) | 0.060 | 1.64 (1.09 to 2.45) | 0.017 |
Preeclampsia/HELLP syndrome | 14/1006 (1.4%) | 13/965 (1.3%) | c | c | ||
Bleeding | 31/956 (3.2%) | 39/893 (4.4%) | 0.69 (0.35 to 1.34) | 0.270 | 0.65 (0.32 to 1.29) | 0.216 |
Preterm labour | 15/956 (1.6%) | 26/893 (2.9%) | 0.54 (0.35 to 0.84) | 0.006 | 0.51 (0.33 to 0.79) | 0.003 |
Obstetric outcomes | ||||||
Birth mode | ||||||
Spontaneous birth | 615/1016 (60.5%) | 628/1003 (62.6%) | Reference | Reference | ||
Elective caesarean section | 157/1016 (15.5%) | 117/1003 (11.6%) | 1.37 (1.05 to 1.78) | 0.019 | 1.41 (1.08 to 1.85) | 0.017 |
Emergency caesarean section | 150/1016 (14.8%) | 159/1003 (15.9%) | 0.96 (0.75 to 1.24) | 0.769 | 0.86 (0.67 to 1.12) | 0.257 |
Instrumental vaginal delivery | 94/1016 (9.3%) | 99/1003 (9.9%) | 0.97 (0.72 to 1.31) | 0.842 | 0.83 (0.61 to 1.14) | 0.245 |
Induction of labour | 174/1007 (17.3%) | 233/992 (23.5%) | 0.71 (0.48 to 1.06) | 0.098 | 0.65 (0.43 to 0.98) | 0.038 |
Anaesthesia | 769/1001 (76.8%) | 787/983 (80.1%) | 1.05 (0.55 to 2.00) | 0.871 | 1.23 (0.69 to 2.19) | 0.472 |
Weight retention, kg (6–8 weeks postpartum) | 4.0 ± 4.8d (n = 976) | 4.3 ± 4.8 (n = 934) | – 0.13 (– 0.95 to 0.69) | 0.760 | – 0.19 (– 1.01 to 0.63) | 0.649 |