Table 2 Instruments used to measure anticipated/perceived, internalized or experienced stigma
Author | Country | Condition | Target group | N | Evidence of validity | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Berger stigma scale | ||||||
Berger et al. [24] | USA | HIV | People with HIV | 318 | Alpha 0.96; alpha sub-scales 0.90–0.93, correlation coefficient reliability 0.92. Construct validity supported by correlation with Rosenberg Self-esteem scale and Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale |  |
Dadun et al. [98] | Indonesia | Leprosy | Persons affected by leprosy | 392 | Alpha 0.88; sub-scale alphas 0.79–0.84, SDCa 1.37, ICC 0.75 (95% CI 0.64–0.83); no floor or ceiling effects; construct validity supported by correlation with the P-scale and WHOQOL-BREF | Renamed ‘SARI Stigma Scale’ because of substantial changes to structure |
Rump et al. [53] | Netherlands | MRSA | MRSA carriers | 57 | Validity was supported by correlation with the RAND mental health inquiry | An adapted version was used |
ISMI | ||||||
Boyd Ritsher et al. [44] | USA | Mental health conditions | Mental health outpatients | 127 | Alpha 0.90 (sub-scales 0.58–0.80); test-retest reliability r = 0.92 (n = 16) (sub-scales 0.68–0.94); good construct validity | 29 items |
Brohan et al. [134] | 13 European countries | Bipolar disorder and depression | Mental health patients | 1182 | Alpha 0.94; construct validity supported by strong correlations with an empowerment scale and a devaluation and discrimination scale | 24-item ISMI was used, excluding the Resilience sub-scale |
Singh et al. [135] | India | Mental health | Persons with severe mental disorders | 161 | Alpha 0.86; ICC test-retest reliability (n = 31) sub-scales range 0.84–0.96; 5-component structure supported by factor analysis; good correlation with EMIC |  |
Luoma et al. [99] | USA | Substance abuse | Adults with a substance use disorder | 88 | Alpha 0.82 and 0.92 at pre- and post-assessment | Â |
Stevelink et al. [101] | India | HIV Leprosy | Patients/persons affected | 95 HIV 95 leprosy | Alpha 0.87 Alpha 0.91 | Â |
Rensen et al. [96] | India | Leprosy | Affected persons | 806 | Alpha 0.96; sub-scale alphas 0.79–0.96; weighted kappa 0.62 (n = 49); no floor or ceiling effects | 18-item ISMI |
Taft et al. [100] | USA | Inflammatory bowel disease | Irritable bowel disease patients | 191 | No validation was reported | Â |
Arachchi et al. [136] | Sri Lanka | Leprosy | Affected persons | 132 | No validation was reported | Â |
EMIC affected persons | ||||||
Weiss et al. [45] | India | Leprosy, mental health | Patients | 56 + 31 controls | Item-wise kappa values 0.62–0.93 (n = 16–18); association with established mental health instruments (SCID and HDARS)bsupported construct validity | 8-item EMIC |
India | Depression, schizophrenia | Patients Family, caretakers | 80 80 | Alpha 0.71 Alpha 0.81 | 10-item EMIC 13-item EMIC | |
Brieger et al. [105] | Nigeria | Onchocerciasis | Patients | 500 | No validation was reported | 13-item EMIC was used |
Vlassoff et al. [93] | Nigeria Cameroon Ghana Uganda | Onchocerciasis | Patients | 469 | Alpha 0.80 | 13-item EMIC was used |
Chowdhury et al. [49] | India | Mental health conditions | Patients | 25 | Kappa 0.89 (inter-rater) | 20-25 items, depending on version |
Stienstra et al. [94] | Ghana | Buruli ulcer | Patients | 33 | Alpha 0.65 (of 11 items asked of both patients and controls) | 15-item EMIC |
Weiss et al. [106] | Bangladesh India Malawi Colombia | Tuberculosis | Patients | 102 127 100 98 | Alpha 0.77 Alpha 0.85 Alpha 0.63 Alpha 0.65 | 18-item EMIC |
Stevelink et al. [101] | India | HIV Leprosy | Patients/persons affected | 95 HIV 95 leprosy | Alpha 0.76 Alpha 0.83 | Â |
Rensen et al. [96] | India | Leprosy | Patients | 806 | Alpha 0.88; weighted kappa 0.70; no floor or ceiling effects | 17-item EMIC |
Grover et al. [104] | India | Bi-polar disorder | Patients | 185 | Alpha 0.94; good correlation with ISMI and Participation scale scores | 15-item EMIC |
Arachchi et al. [136] | Sri Lanka | Leprosy | Patients | 132 | No validation was reported | Not reported |