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Table 1 Study participants’ characteristics at admission

From: Mortality after inpatient treatment for diarrhea in children: a cohort study

 

All eligible admissions (N = 17,442)a

KHDSS resident admissions with diarrhea (N = 2626)

KHDSS resident admissions without diarrhea (N = 8114)

P value

Demographics

 Age in months, median (IQR)

18 (9–32)

13 (8–21)

22 (11–37)

< 0.001

 Sex (female)

7518 (43)

1109 (42)

3545 (44)

0.19

 Prior hospital admission

2782 (16)

347 (13)

1565 (19)

< 0.001

Clinical features

 Axillary temp < 36 °C

596 (3.4)

79 (3.0)

305 (3.8)

0.02

 Axillary temp 36 to 37.5 °C

13,840 (79)

1154 (44)

3339 (42)

 Axillary temp > 37.5 °C

3006 (17)

1393 (53)

4470 (55)

 Tachypneab

6368 (37)

768 (29)

3144 (39)

< 0.001

 Tachycardiac

8255 (47)

1049 (40)

4171 (51)

< 0.001

 Indrawing

4609 (26)

404 (15)

2362 (29)

< 0.001

 Hypoxia (SaO2 < 90%)

907 (5.2)

75 (2.9)

393 (4.8)

< 0.001

 Capillary refill > 2 s

604 (3.5)

152 (5.8)

143 (1.8)

< 0.001

 Temperature gradient

1045 (6.0)

264 (10)

306 (3.8)

< 0.001

 Weak pulse

496 (2.8)

151 (5.6)

92 (1.1)

< 0.001

 Lethargy

2068 (12)

598 (23)

665 (8.2)

< 0.001

 Sunken eyes

2552 (15)

1251 (48)

186 (2.3)

< 0.001

 Reduced skin turgor

1540 (8.8)

733 (28)

91 (1.1)

< 0.001

 No dehydration

12,074 (69)

1068 (41)

6568 (81)

< 0.001

 Some dehydration

3466 (20)

674 (26)

1399 (17)

 Severe dehydration

1902 (11)

884 (34)

147 (1.8)

 Shockd

55 (0.3)

17 (0.7)

8 (0.1)

< 0.001

 Impaired consciousnesse

1737 (10)

178 (6.8)

763 (9.4)

< 0.001

Laboratory features

 HIV antibody positive

719 (4.1)

130 (5.0)

209 (2.6)

< 0.001

 Malaria slide positive

2352 (13)

110 (4.2)

1431 (18)

< 0.001

 Bacteremia

634 (3.6)

88 (3.4)

282 (3.5)

0.76

 Severe anemia (Hb < 5 g/dL)

1.301 (7.5)

100 (3.8)

638 (7.9)

< 0.001

 Leucopeniaf (WBC < 4 × 109/L)

164 (1.0)

25 (1.0)

65 (0.8)

< 0.001

 Leucocytosis (WBC > 12 × 109/L)

9265 (53)

1323 (50)

4372 (54)

Nutritional status

 Kwashiorkor

807 (4.6)

117 (4.5)

243 (3.0)

< 0.001

 MUAC (cm) ± SD

13.5 ± 1.8

13.0 ± 1.6

13.9 ± 1.7

< 0.001

 HAZ ± SD

− 1.4 ± 1.7

− 1.4 ± 1.7

− 1.3 ± 1.6

0.09

  1. KHDSS Kilifi Health and Demographic Surveillance System, SD standard deviation, MUAC mid-upper arm circumference. aEligible admissions were children admitted from 2007 to 2015 aged between 2 and 59 months. bTachypnea was defined as respiration rate > 50 for children < 12 months and > 40 breaths/min for children ≥ 12 months. cTachycardia was defined as heart rate > 180 for children < 12 months and > 140 beats/min for children ≥ 12 months. dShock was defined as unconscious or weak pulse volume or the presence of temperature gradient or capillary refill > 3 s. eImpaired consciousness level if “prostrate” or “unconscious.” fNormal white blood cell range (WBC) was 4 to 12 × 109/L
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