Table 1 Basic descriptive and results of unadjusted logistic regression for socio-demographic, maternal, pregnancy, labour, and delivery risk factors for all births including stillbirths between January and December 2016 in the Indian state of Bihar. OR denotes odds ratio and CI denotes confidence interval
Risk factor |  | All births N = 20,152 (%) | Stillbirths N = 275 (%) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Socio-demographics | ||||
 Place of residence | Rural | 18,388 (91.3%) | 262 (95.3%) | 1.95 (1.11–3.41) |
Urban | 1764 (8.8%) | 13 (4.7%) | 1.00 | |
 Wealth index quartile1 | I | 5013 (24.9%) | 75 (27.5%) | 1.22 (0.87–1.71) |
II | 5003 (24.9%) | 68 (24.9%) | 1.11 (0.78–1.57) | |
III | 5038 (25.1%) | 68 (24.9%) | 1.10 (0.78–1.56) | |
IV | 5048 (25.1%) | 62 (22.7%) | 1.00 | |
 Type of cooking fuel used2 | Solid | 7033 (34.9%) | 91 (33.2%) | 1.00 |
Non-solid | 13,108 (65.1%) | 183 (66.8%) | 1.08 (0.84–1.39) | |
Maternal | ||||
 Maternal age3 | 15–19 years | 939 (4.7%) | 15 (5.5%) | 1.00 |
20–24 years | 8418 (41.8%) | 131 (47.6%) | 0.97 (0.57–1.67) | |
25–29 years | 7656 (38.0%) | 86 (31.3%) | 0.70 (0.40–1.22) | |
≥ 30 years | 3136 (15.6%) | 43 (15.6%) | 0.86 (0.47–1.55) | |
 Any tobacco use ever | Yes | 527 (2.6%) | 9 (3.3%) | 1.26 (0.65–2.47) |
No | 19,625 (97.4%) | 266 (96.7%) | 1.00 | |
 First born | Yes | 4876 (24.2%) | 143 (52.0%) | 3.47 (2.73–4.40) |
No | 15,276 (75.8%) | 132 (48.0%) | 1.00 | |
 Previous history of stillbirth | Yes | 980 (4.9%) | 19 (6.9%) | 1.46 (0.91–2.34) |
No | 19,172 (95.1%) | 256 (93.1%) | 1.00 | |
 Ever miscarriage4 | Yes | 2753 (13.7%) | 41 (15.0%) | 1.11 (0.80–1.56) |
No | 17,389 (86.3%) | 233 (85.0%) | 1.00 | |
 Diabetes mellitus irrespective of pregnancy 5 | Yes | 66 (0.3%) | 4 (1.5%) | 4.79 (1.73–13.26) |
No | 19,714 (99.7%) | 262 (98.5%) | 1.00 | |
 Hypertension irrespective of pregnancy6 | Yes | 344 (1.7%) | 9 (3.4%) | 2.02 (1.03–3.95) |
No | 19,465 (98.3%) | 256 (96.6%) | 1.00 | |
Pregnancy | ||||
 At least one antenatal care visit during pregnancy7 | Yes | 16,363 (81.2%) | 212 (78.2%) | 1.00 |
No | 3784 (18.8%) | 59 (21.8%) | 1.21 (0.90–1.61) | |
 Received 2 tetanus toxoid injections during pregnancy8 | Yes | 16,295 (81.1%) | 204 (74.2%) | 1.00 |
No | 3806 (18.9%) | 71 (25.8%) | 1.50 (1.14–1.97) | |
 Consumed iron folic acid tablets during pregnancy9 | Yes | 8091 (40.4%) | 84 (30.8%) | 1.00 |
No | 11,941 (59.6%) | 189 (69.2%) | 1.53 (1.18–1.99) | |
 Pregnancy with multiple foetuses | Yes | 354 (1.8%) | 18 (6.6%) | 4.07 (2.50–6.65) |
No | 19,798 (98.2%) | 257 (93.5%) | 1.00 | |
 Hypertension in the last trimester of pregnancy10 | Yes | 515 (2.6%) | 11 (4.1%) | 1.63 (0.89–3.01) |
No | 19,353 (97.4%) | 255 (95.9%) | 1.00 | |
 Malaria in the last trimester of pregnancy11 | Yes | 455 (2.3%) | 6 (2.2%) | 0.96 (0.43–2.18) |
No | 19,328 (97.7%) | 264 (97.8%) | 1.00 | |
 Syphilis during pregnancy12 | Yes | 84 (0.4%) | 1 (0.4%) | 0.88 (0.12–6.33) |
Do not know | 1169 (5.8%) | 18 (6.6%) | 1.14 (0.70–1.84) | |
No | 18,898 (93.8%) | 256 (93.1%) | 1.00 | |
 Fever in the last 3 months of pregnancy13 | Yes | 3596 (18.0%) | 49 (18.0%) | 1.00 (0.73–1.36) |
No | 16,353 (82.0%) | 223 (82.0%) | 1.00 | |
 Convulsions in the last 3 months of pregnancy14 | Yes | 2245 (11.3%) | 30 (11.1%) | 0.98 (0.67–1.43) |
No | 17,573 (88.7%) | 240 (88.9%) | 1.00 | |
 Mother was informed that the baby was not growing adequately inside the womb15 | Yes | 703 (3.5%) | 24 (8.8%) | 2.68 (1.75–4.10) |
No | 19,209 (96.5%) | 250 (91.2%) | 1.00 | |
 Gestation period | 7 months | 179 (0.9%) | 39 (14.2%) | 27.7 (18.9–40.6) |
> 7–8 months | 378 (1.9%) | 41 (14.9%) | 12.1 (8.5–17.2) | |
> 8 months | 19,595 (97.2%) | 195 (70.9%) | 1.00 | |
Labour | ||||
 Mother had come for delivery earlier but was asked to come later for delivery (deferred delivery)13 | Yes | 175 (0.9%) | 15 (5.5%) | 7.06 (4.10–12.16) |
No | 19,774 (99.1%) | 259 (94.5%) | 1.00 | |
 Spontaneous labour16 | Yes | 14,801 (74.0%) | 164 (63.6%) | 1.00 |
No | 5214 (26.1%) | 94 (36.4%) | 1.64 (1.27–2.12) | |
 Foul smelling discharge17 | Yes | 1005 (5.0%) | 29 (10.6%) | 2.27 (1.53–3.35) |
No | 19,014 (95.0%) | 246 (89.5) | 1.00 | |
Delivery | ||||
 Place of delivery18 | Public facility | 10,712 (53.2%) | 89 (33.0%) | 1.00 |
Private facility | 3394 (16.9%) | 80 (29.6%) | 2.88 (2.13–3.91) | |
Home | 6023 (29.9%) | 101 (37.4%) | 2.04 (1.53–2.71) | |
 Mother had gone to a health facility for delivery but delivered in another facility (referred delivery)19 | Yes | 827 (5.9%) | 46 (27.5%) | 6.40 (4.53–9.06) |
No | 13,275 (94.1%) | 121 (72.5%) | 1.00 | |
 Vaginal delivery20 | Yes | 18,096 (89.9%) | 229 (86.1%) | 0.69 (0.49–0.98) |
No | 2028 (10.1%) | 37 (13.9%) | 1.00 | |
 Push/forceful pull done during delivery by the health provider21 | Yes | 1025 (5.2%) | 60 (22.8%) | 5.68 (4.23–7.63) |
No | 18,736 (94.8%) | 203 (77.2%) | 1.00 | |
 Entangled cord around the baby’s neck22 | Yes | 782 (3.9%) | 21 (7.6%) | 2.03 (1.29–3.19) |
Do not know | 1766 (8.8%) | 18 (6.6%) | 0.76 (0.47–1.23) | |
No | 17,587 (87.4%) | 236 (85.8%) | 1.00 | |
 Breech position of the baby23 | Yes | 674 (3.4%) | 41 (15.5%) | 5.49 (3.90–7.73) |
No | 19,111 (96.6%) | 223 (84.5%) | 1.00 | |
 Birthweight of the baby (kilogrammes)24 | ≥2.0 | 12,896 (64.7%) | 37 (14.3%) | 1.00 |
< 2.0 | 582 (2.9%) | 3 (1.2%) | 1.80 (0.55–5.86) | |
Not weighed | 4704 (23.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | (empty) | |
Do not know if weighed | 1766 (8.9%) | 219 (84.6%) | 49.20 (34.59–69.98) | |