Risk factor | Adjusted odds ratio for stillbirth (95% confidence interval) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1* | Model 2* | Model 3* | Model 4* | Model 5* | |
Rural place of residence | 1.89 (1.07–3.34) | 1.92 (1.08–3.39) | 1.88 (1.05–3.35) | 2.02 (1.12–3.62) | 1.71 (0.92–3.16) |
Boy baby | 1.21 (0.95–1.53) | 1.29 (1.01–1.65) | 1.42 (1.09–1.84) | 1.36 (1.04–1.78) | 1.25 (0.95–1.65) |
Wealth index quartile | |||||
 I | 1.12 (0.80–1.58)‡ |  |  |  |  |
 II | 1.02 (0.72–1.45)‡ |  |  |  |  |
 III | 1.03 (0.72–1.46)‡ |  |  |  |  |
 IV | 1.00 |  |  |  |  |
Maternal age | |||||
 15–19 years |  | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 20–24 years |  | 1.57 (0.89–2.75) | 1.59 (0.87–2.88) | 1.59 (0.88–2.90) | 1.73 (0.93–3.20) |
 25–29 years |  | 2.28 (1.24–4.20) | 2.27 (1.19–4.33) | 2.27 (1.18–4.34) | 2.63 (1.35–5.14) |
 ≥ 30 years |  | 3.13 (1.59–6.14) | 3.18 (1.57–6.46) | 3.34 (1.64–6.80) | 3.20 (1.52–6.74) |
Solid cooking fuel use |  | 1.06 (0.82–1.38)‡ |  |  |  |
Any tobacco use ever |  | 1.45 (0.73–2.86)‡ |  |  |  |
First born |  | 5.15 (3.78–7.01) | 5.34 (3.82–7.47) | 5.38 (3.83–7.56) | 5.79 (4.06–8.26) |
Previous history of stillbirth |  | 1.41 (0.84–2.37) | 1.46 (0.85–2.50) | 1.25 (0.72–2.18)‡ |  |
Previous history of miscarriage |  | 1.13 (0.80–1.60)‡ |  |  |  |
Maternal history of diabetes mellitus irrespective of pregnancy |  | 2.84 (0.89–9.08) | 3.25 (1.00–10.53) | 3.04 (0.97–9.56) | 1.84 (0.55–6.15) |
Maternal history of high blood pressure irrespective of pregnancy |  | 1.43 (0.64–3.20)‡ |  |  |  |
No maternal antenatal care visit during pregnancy |  |  | 1.42 (1.02–1.99) | 1.55 (1.11–2.16) | 1.32 (0.93–1.88) |
Mother did not receive 2 tetanus toxoid injections during pregnancy |  |  | 1.53 (1.11–2.12) | 1.48 (1.06–2.05) | 1.35 (0.95–1.90) |
Mother did not consume iron folic acid tablets during pregnancy |  |  | 1.23 (0.93–1.63) | 1.15 (0.87–1.53)‡ |  |
Pregnancy with multiple foetuses |  |  | 2.80 (1.52–5.18) | 3.33 (1.84–6.04) | 2.82 (1.49–5.33) |
Maternal hypertension in the last trimester of pregnancy |  |  | 1.32 (0.65–2.69)‡ |  |  |
Mother had malaria in the last trimester of pregnancy |  |  | 0.83 (0.34–2.02)‡ |  |  |
Mother diagnosed with syphilis during this pregnancy | |||||
 No |  |  | 1.00 |  |  |
 Yes |  |  | 1.74 (0.23–13.00)‡ |  |  |
 Do not know |  |  | 1.04 (0.61–1.77) ‡ |  |  |
Mother had fever in the last 3 months of pregnancy |  |  | 1.05 (0.74–1.49)‡ |  |  |
Mother had convulsions in the last 3 months of pregnancy |  |  | 0.86 (0.56–1.32)‡ |  |  |
Mother was informed that the baby was not growing adequately inside the womb |  |  | 1.75 (1.04–2.94) | 1.34 (0.80–2.25) ‡ |  |
Gestation period | |||||
 7 months |  |  | 21.63 (14.16–33.03) | 21.57 (13.93–33.39) | 19.92 (12.41–31.97) |
 > 7–8 months |  |  | 9.97 (6.74–14.74) | 9.06 (6.05–13.58) | 8.41 (5.48–12.92) |
 > 8 months |  |  | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Deferred delivery |  |  |  | 5.31 (2.81–10.04) | 5.51 (2.81–10.78) |
Spontaneous labour |  |  |  | 1.57 (1.19–2.08) | 1.55 (1.15–2.09) |
Foul smelling discharge |  |  |  | 1.59 (1.00–2.53) | 1.38 (0.84–2.26) |
Place of delivery | |||||
 Public facility |  |  |  |  | 1.00 |
 Private facility |  |  |  |  | 1.75 (1.19–2.56) |
 Home |  |  |  |  | 2.60 (1.87–3.62) |
Vaginal delivery |  |  |  |  | 1.76 (1.08–2.88) |
Push/forceful pull done during delivery by the health provider |  |  |  |  | 4.85 (3.39–6.95) |
Entangled cord around the baby’s neck | |||||
 No |  |  |  |  | 1.00 |
 Yes |  |  |  |  | 1.41 (0.83–2.37) |
 Do not know |  |  |  |  | 0.34 (0.16–0.72) |
Breech presentation of the baby |  |  |  |  | 2.70 (1.75–4.18) |