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Table 1 Baseline characteristics according to the quartiles of ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption, NutriNet-Santé study (n = 26,730)

From: Prospective association between ultra-processed food consumption and incident depressive symptoms in the French NutriNet-Santé cohort

Baseline characteristics

Quartile 1

Quartile 2

Quartile 3

Quartile 4

P trenda

%UPF, range

0%–10%

10%–14%

14%–19%

19%–76%

 

%UPF, median (IQR)

7% (3%)

12% (2%)

16% (2%)

23% (8%)

 

n

6682

6683

6683

6682

 

Age, year

51.6 ± 12.2

48.9 ± 13.4

46.6 ± 14.2

42.0 ± 15.0

< 0.0001

Sex, n (%)

0.43

 Male

1520 (22.7)

1663 (24.9)

1577 (23.6)

1590 (23.8)

 

 Female

5162 (77.3)

5020 (75.1)

5106 (76.4)

5092 (76.2)

Marital status, n (%)

< 0.0001

 Living alone

619 (9.2)

777 (11.6)

920 (13.8)

1332 (19.9)

 

 Cohabiting

5244 (78.5)

5202 (77.9)

5093 (76.2)

4785 (71.6)

 Separated/divorced/widowed

819 (12.3)

704 (10.5)

670 (10.0)

565 (8.5)

Educational level, n (%)

0.29

 < High school diploma

1311 (19.6)

1283 (19.2)

1369 (20.5)

1226 (18.3)

 

 High school diploma

986 (14.8)

964 (14.4)

983 (14.7)

1196 (17.9)

 University level

4385 (65.6)

4436 (66.4)

4331 (64.8)

4260 (63.8)

Occupational categories, n (%)

< 0.0001

 Never-employed/other activity

103 (1.5)

150 (2.2)

227 (3.4)

367 (5.5)

 

 Self employed

338 (5.1)

324 (4.9)

316 (4.7)

373 (5.6)

 Employee

1369 (20.5)

1479 (22.1)

1680 (25.2)

1975 (29.6)

 Intermediate profession

1984 (29.7)

2022 (30.3)

1973 (29.5)

1834 (27.4)

 Managerial staff

2888 (43.2)

2708 (40.5)

2487 (37.2)

2133 (31.9)

Household income, n (%)

< 0.0001

 Not answered

664 (9.9)

587 (8.8)

654 (9.8)

744 (11.1)

 

 < 1200 euros

624 (9.3)

722 (10.8)

825 (12.3)

1071 (16.0)

 1200–1800 euros

1349 (20.2)

1516 (22.7)

1623 (24.3)

1698 (25.4)

 1800–2700 euros

1668 (25.0)

1717 (25.7)

1727 (25.8)

1712 (25.6)

 ≥ 2700 euros

2377 (35.6)

2141 (32.0)

1854 (27.7)

1457 (21.8)

Residential area, n (%)

0.07

 Rural

1431 (21.4)

1444 (21.6)

1519 (22.7)

1499 (22.4)

 

 Urban

5251 (78.6)

5239 (78.4)

5164 (77.3)

5183 (77.6)

Smoking status, n (%)

< 0.0001

 Former smoker

2799 (41.9)

2547 (38.1)

2313 (34.6)

2071 (31.0)

 

 Current smoker

721 (10.8)

809 (12.1)

771 (11.5)

905 (13.5)

 Never-smoker

3162 (47.3)

3327 (49.8)

3599 (53.9)

3706 (55.5)

Physical activity, n (%)b

< 0.0001

 Low

1212 (18.1)

1473 (22.1)

1682 (25.2)

2014 (30.1)

 

 Moderate

1478 (22.1)

1612 (24.1)

1660 (24.8)

1614 (24.2)

 High

3992 (59.8)

3598 (53.8)

3341 (50.0)

3054 (45.7)

Body mass indexc, n (%)

0.001

 Underweight

294 (4.4)

276 (4.1)

272 (4.1)

350 (5.2)

 

 Normal weight

4517 (67.6)

4459 (66.7)

4417 (66.1)

4323 (64.7)

 Overweight

1448 (21.7)

1477 (22.1)

1522 (22.8)

1414 (21.2)

 Obesity

423 (6.3)

471 (7.1)

472 (7.0)

595 (8.9)

Chronic diseasesd, n (%)

741 (11.1)

724 (10.9)

683 (10.2)

559 (8.4)

< 0.0001

Baseline CES-D, mean score

7.74 ± 5.38

7.94 ± 5.35

8.26 ± 5.46

8.90 ± 5.56

< 0.0001

  1. CES-D Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, UPF Proportion of ultra-processed food intake
  2. Values are means ± standard deviation or numbers (percentages) as appropriate
  3. aP trend values are based on linear contrast or Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel tests
  4. bPhysical activity was classified as low (< 30 min of physical activity; equivalent to brisk walking/day) or moderate/high physical activity (≥ 30 min of physical activity; equivalent to brisk walking/day)
  5. cBody mass index was classified as underweight (BMI < 18.5), normal weight (18.5 ≥ BMI < 25), overweight (25 ≥ BMI < 30) or obese (BMI ≥ 30)
  6. dIncident cases of cancer, type 2 diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases
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BMC Medicine

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