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Table 1 Baseline characteristics according to the quartiles of ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption, NutriNet-Santé study (n = 26,730)
| Baseline characteristics | Quartile 1 | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 | P trenda |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| %UPF, range | 0%–10% | 10%–14% | 14%–19% | 19%–76% | |
| %UPF, median (IQR) | 7% (3%) | 12% (2%) | 16% (2%) | 23% (8%) | |
| n | 6682 | 6683 | 6683 | 6682 | |
| Age, year | 51.6 ± 12.2 | 48.9 ± 13.4 | 46.6 ± 14.2 | 42.0 ± 15.0 | < 0.0001 |
| Sex, n (%) | 0.43 | ||||
| Male | 1520 (22.7) | 1663 (24.9) | 1577 (23.6) | 1590 (23.8) | |
| Female | 5162 (77.3) | 5020 (75.1) | 5106 (76.4) | 5092 (76.2) | |
| Marital status, n (%) | < 0.0001 | ||||
| Living alone | 619 (9.2) | 777 (11.6) | 920 (13.8) | 1332 (19.9) | |
| Cohabiting | 5244 (78.5) | 5202 (77.9) | 5093 (76.2) | 4785 (71.6) | |
| Separated/divorced/widowed | 819 (12.3) | 704 (10.5) | 670 (10.0) | 565 (8.5) | |
| Educational level, n (%) | 0.29 | ||||
| < High school diploma | 1311 (19.6) | 1283 (19.2) | 1369 (20.5) | 1226 (18.3) | |
| High school diploma | 986 (14.8) | 964 (14.4) | 983 (14.7) | 1196 (17.9) | |
| University level | 4385 (65.6) | 4436 (66.4) | 4331 (64.8) | 4260 (63.8) | |
| Occupational categories, n (%) | < 0.0001 | ||||
| Never-employed/other activity | 103 (1.5) | 150 (2.2) | 227 (3.4) | 367 (5.5) | |
| Self employed | 338 (5.1) | 324 (4.9) | 316 (4.7) | 373 (5.6) | |
| Employee | 1369 (20.5) | 1479 (22.1) | 1680 (25.2) | 1975 (29.6) | |
| Intermediate profession | 1984 (29.7) | 2022 (30.3) | 1973 (29.5) | 1834 (27.4) | |
| Managerial staff | 2888 (43.2) | 2708 (40.5) | 2487 (37.2) | 2133 (31.9) | |
| Household income, n (%) | < 0.0001 | ||||
| Not answered | 664 (9.9) | 587 (8.8) | 654 (9.8) | 744 (11.1) | |
| < 1200 euros | 624 (9.3) | 722 (10.8) | 825 (12.3) | 1071 (16.0) | |
| 1200–1800 euros | 1349 (20.2) | 1516 (22.7) | 1623 (24.3) | 1698 (25.4) | |
| 1800–2700 euros | 1668 (25.0) | 1717 (25.7) | 1727 (25.8) | 1712 (25.6) | |
| ≥ 2700 euros | 2377 (35.6) | 2141 (32.0) | 1854 (27.7) | 1457 (21.8) | |
| Residential area, n (%) | 0.07 | ||||
| Rural | 1431 (21.4) | 1444 (21.6) | 1519 (22.7) | 1499 (22.4) | |
| Urban | 5251 (78.6) | 5239 (78.4) | 5164 (77.3) | 5183 (77.6) | |
| Smoking status, n (%) | < 0.0001 | ||||
| Former smoker | 2799 (41.9) | 2547 (38.1) | 2313 (34.6) | 2071 (31.0) | |
| Current smoker | 721 (10.8) | 809 (12.1) | 771 (11.5) | 905 (13.5) | |
| Never-smoker | 3162 (47.3) | 3327 (49.8) | 3599 (53.9) | 3706 (55.5) | |
| Physical activity, n (%)b | < 0.0001 | ||||
| Low | 1212 (18.1) | 1473 (22.1) | 1682 (25.2) | 2014 (30.1) | |
| Moderate | 1478 (22.1) | 1612 (24.1) | 1660 (24.8) | 1614 (24.2) | |
| High | 3992 (59.8) | 3598 (53.8) | 3341 (50.0) | 3054 (45.7) | |
| Body mass indexc, n (%) | 0.001 | ||||
| Underweight | 294 (4.4) | 276 (4.1) | 272 (4.1) | 350 (5.2) | |
| Normal weight | 4517 (67.6) | 4459 (66.7) | 4417 (66.1) | 4323 (64.7) | |
| Overweight | 1448 (21.7) | 1477 (22.1) | 1522 (22.8) | 1414 (21.2) | |
| Obesity | 423 (6.3) | 471 (7.1) | 472 (7.0) | 595 (8.9) | |
| Chronic diseasesd, n (%) | 741 (11.1) | 724 (10.9) | 683 (10.2) | 559 (8.4) | < 0.0001 |
| Baseline CES-D, mean score | 7.74 ± 5.38 | 7.94 ± 5.35 | 8.26 ± 5.46 | 8.90 ± 5.56 | < 0.0001 |
