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Table 3 Association between ultra-processed food intake and incident depressive symptoms, NutriNet-Santé study

From: Prospective association between ultra-processed food consumption and incident depressive symptoms in the French NutriNet-Santé cohort

 

Quartile 1

Quartile 2

Quartile 3

Quartile 4

P trend

Continuousa

P b

UPF, range

0%–10%

10%–14%

14%–19%

19%–76%

   

UPF, median (IQR)

7% (3%)

12% (2%)

16% (2%)

23% (8%)

   

n

6682

6683

6683

6682

 

26,730

 

Number of cases

491

459

557

714

 

2221

 

Person years

21,597

21,097

20,468

19,918

 

83,080

 

Model 1c

1 (ref)

0.90 (0.79; 1.02)

1.07 (0.94; 1.21)

1.31 (1.16; 1.47)

< 0.0001

1.23 (1.17; 1.29)

< 0.0001

Model 2d

1 (ref)

0.91 (0.80; 1.04)

1.09 (0.96; 1.23)

1.30 (1.15; 1.47)

< 0.0001

1.21 (1.15; 1.27)

< 0.0001

Model 3e

1 (ref)

0.91 (0.80; 1.04)

1.08 (0.95; 1.23)

1.29 (1.13; 1.47)

< 0.0001

1.22 (1.16; 1.29)

< 0.0001

Model 4f

1 (ref)

0.92 (0.81; 1.04)

1.09 (0.97; 1.24)

1.31 (1.16; 1.48)

< 0.0001

1.21 (1.15; 1.27)

< 0.0001

Model 5g

1 (ref)

0.88 (0.77; 1.00)

1.00 (0.88; 1.13)

1.13 (1.00; 1.28)

0.01

1.14 (1.09; 1.20)

< 0.0001

Model 6h

1 (ref)

0.88 (0.78; 1.00)

1.06 (0.94; 1.20)

1.27 (1.13; 1.44)

< 0.0001

1.21 (1.15; 1.27)

< 0.0001

Model 7i

1 (ref)

0.86 (0.76; 0.98)

1.00 (0.88; 1.13)

1.13 (1.00; 1.28)

0.01

1.15 (1.09; 1.21)

< 0.0001

  1. Values are hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals).CDS Cognitive Difficulties Scale; CES-D Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; IQR interquartile range; UPF proportion of ultra-processed food intake
  2. aHazard ratios for 10% increase in the proportion of ultra-processed food intake
  3. bP for continuous variable
  4. cAdjusted for age, sex, and body mass index
  5. dAdjusted for all variables in model 1 + marital status, educational level, occupational categories, household income per consumption unit, residential area, number of 24-h dietary records, inclusion month, energy intake without alcohol, alcohol intake, smoking status, and physical activity (main model)
  6. eAdjusted for all variables in model 2 + dietary patterns derived from the factor analysis (‘Healthy’ and ‘Western’ dietary pattern) and intakes of lipids, sodium, and carbohydrates
  7. fAdjusted for all variables in model 2 + health events during follow-up (cancer, type 2 diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular events)
  8. gAdjusted for all variables in model 2 + use of antidepressants during follow-up and baseline CES-D score
  9. hAdjusted for all variables in model 2 + CDS score
  10. iAdjusted for all variables in model 2 + use of antidepressants during follow-up, baseline CES-D score, and CDS score