Table 3 Baseline clinical features in the RIACE participants with valid information on vital status and resistant hypertension on-target with > 4 drugs or not on-target with > 3 drugs according to the 130/80 mmHg BP targets
Variables | CRHT | UCRHT | P |
|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | 305 (12.97) | 2046 (87.03) | |
Age, years | 68.0 ± 8.8 | 69.8 ± 8.6 | 0.001 |
Gender, n (%) | 0.136 | ||
Females | 132 (43.28) | 979 (47.85) | |
Males | 173 (56.72) | 1067 (52.15) | |
Smoking status, n (%) | 0.226 | ||
Never | 159 (52.13) | 1169 (57.14) | |
Former | 104 (34.10) | 642 (31.38) | |
Current | 42 (13.77) | 235 (11.49) | |
Diabetes duration, years | 13.7 ± 9.8 | 14.5 ± 10.3 | 0.203 |
HbA1c, mmol/mol | 60.7 ± 17.4 | 59.3 ± 16.1 | 0.208 |
Anti-hyperglycemic treatment, n (%) | 0.008 | ||
Lifestyle | 34 (11.15) | 194 (9.48) | |
Non-insulin | 153 (50.16) | 1217 (59.48) | |
Insulin | 118 (38.69) | 635 (31.04) | |
BMI, kg/m2 | 30.5 ± 5.6 | 30.6 ± 5.4 | 0.702 |
Waist circumference, cm | 105.6 ± 11.1 | 105.8 ± 10.9 | 0.804 |
Triglycerides, mmol/l | 1.54 (1.08, 2.17) | 1.44 (1.07, 1.97) | 0.041 |
Total cholesterol, mmol/l | 4.50 ± 0.94 | 4.71 ± 0.97 | < 0.0001 |
HDL cholesterol, mmol/l | 1.15 ± 0.30 | 1.28 ± 0.35 | < 0.0001 |
LDL cholesterol, mmol/l | 2.54 ± 0.77 | 2.69 ± 0.83 | 0.003 |
Lipid-lowering therapy, n (%) | 188 (61.64) | 1187 (58.02) | 0.231 |
Statins, n (%) | 175 (57.38) | 1096 (53.57) | 0.213 |
Anti-platelet therapy, n (%) | 189 (61.97) | 1160 (56.70) | 0.082 |
Anti-coagulant therapy, n (%) | 47 (15.41) | 160 (7.82) | < 0.0001 |
Albuminuria, mg/24 h | 18.7 (9.2, 74.3) | 20.0 (9.1, 72.9) | 0.627 |
eGFR, ml·min−1·1.73 m−2 | 68.5 ± 24.1 | 71.5 ± 22.3 | 0.032 |
DKD phenotypes, n (%) | 0.056 | ||
Alb−/eGFR− | 127 (41.64) | 939 (45.89) | |
Alb+/eGFR− | 63 (20.66) | 493 (24.10) | |
Alb−/eGFR+ | 57 (18.69) | 295 (14.42) | |
Alb+/eGFR+ | 58 (19.02) | 319 (15.59) | |
DR, n (%) | 0.935 | ||
No | 219 (71.80) | 1469 (71.80) | |
Non-advanced | 44 (14.43) | 283 (13.83) | |
Advanced | 42 (13.77) | 294 (14.37) | |
CVD, n (%) | |||
Any | 136 (44.59) | 694 (33.92) | < 0.0001 |
Acute myocardial infarction | 90 (29.51) | 365 (17.84) | < 0.0001 |
Coronary revascularization | 78 (25.57) | 313 (15.30) | < 0.0001 |
Any coronary event | 115 (37.70) | 475 (23.22) | < 0.0001 |
Stroke | 10 (3.28) | 117 (5.72) | 0.079 |
Carotid revascularization | 26 (8.52) | 164 (8.02) | 0.761 |
Any cerebrovascular event | 35 (11.48) | 265 (12.95) | 0.471 |
Ulcer/gangrene/amputation | 18 (5.90) | 105 (5.13) | 0.573 |
Lower limb revascularization | 20 (6.56) | 81 (3.96) | 0.037 |
Any peripheral event | 30 (9.84) | 165 (8.06) | 0.295 |
Aortic aneurysm | 3 (0.98) | 13 (0.64) | 0.490 |
Cancer, n (%) | 30 (9.84) | 153 (7.48) | 0.152 |
Systolic BP, mmHg | 121.3 ± 8.8 | 151.0 ± 15.0 | < 0.0001 |
Diastolic BP, mmHg | 72.4 ± 7.1 | 81.7 ± 9.5 | < 0.0001 |
Pulse pressure, mmHg | 48.8 ± 9.0 | 69.3 ± 16.0 | < 0.0001 |
Number of anti-hypertensive agents | 4.21 ± 0.45 | 3.36 ± 0.60 | < 0.0001 |
RAS blockers, n (%) | 304 (99.67) | 1983 (96.92) | 0.006 |
ACE-inhibitors, n (%) | 195 (63.93) | 1234 (60.31) | 0.227 |
ARBs, n (%) | 151 (49.51) | 993 (48.53) | 0.751 |
Alpha-blockers, n (%) | 91 (29.84) | 416 (20.33) | < 0.0001 |
Beta-blockers, n (%) | 223 (73.11) | 876 (42.82) | < 0.0001 |
Non-DHP CCBs, n (%) | 31 (10.16) | 226 (11.05) | 0.645 |
DHP CCBs, n (%) | 169 (55.41) | 1074 (52.49) | 0.341 |
Diuretics, n (%) | 287 (94.10) | 1726 (84.36) | < 0.0001 |
Thiazides, n (%) | 179 (58.69) | 1208 (59.04) | 0.907 |
Henle’s loop, n (%) | 158 (51.80) | 642 (31.38) | < 0.0001 |
Anti-aldosterone, n (%) | 87 (28.52) | 2046 (10.46) | < 0.0001 |