Table 1 Clinical and biochemical characteristic of non-obese and obese study participants according to the presence of NAFLD
|  | Non-obese individuals (n = 60) | Obese no NAFLD (n = 28) | Obese NAFLD (n = 32) | p value ANOVA | p value Bonferroni post hoc test |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 46.3 ± 11.6 | 40.5 ± 12 | 43.2 ± 9.4 | 0.71 | 0.97^ 0.90* 0.70° |
Sex (M/F) | 60% | 61.5% | 32% | 0.12# | 0.14^» 0.99*» 0.59°» |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.3 ± 3.2 | 43.5 ± 6.3 | 41.8 ± 4.3 | < 0.001 | 0.20^ < 0.001§ |
Waist circumference (cm) | 83.9 ± 13 | 129.4 ± 16.9 | 128 ± 7.7 | < 0.001 | 0.94^ < 0.001§ |
SBP (mmHg) | 115.5 ± 20.4 | 133 ± 8.4 | 124.4 ± 7.7 | 0.02 | 0.90^ 0.05* 0.06° |
DBP (mmHg) | 75.8 ± 8.1 | 85 ± 8.7 | 85.9 ± 22.1 | 0.009 | 0.98^ 0.10* 0.02° |
Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.74 ± 0.15 | 0.70 ± 0.1 | 0.82 ± 0.16 | 0.03 | 0.04^ 0.68* 0.09° |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 199 ± 35.1 | 213 ± 140.4 | 171 ± 126 | 0.18 | 0.16^ 0.28* 0.81° |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 56.1 ± 14.1 | 52 ± 8.8 | 46.7 ± 10.2 | 0.037 | 0.82^ 0.46* 0.03° |
LDL-C (mg/dL) | 118.9 ± 34.8 | 141.9 ± 26.6 | 121.1 ± 22.3 | 0.35 | 0.33^ 0.39* 0.96° |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 77.5 (66–137.5) | 101 (73.7–121.5) | 136 (117.2–164) | 0.09 | 0.59^ 0.14* 0.48° |
Uric acid (mg/dL) | 4.3 ± 1.2 | 4.9 ± 0.6 | 5.9 ± 1.5 | 0.02 | 0.02^ 0.58* 0.02° |
AST (IU/L) | 18 (15–21.25) | 20.5 (17.8–25.3) | 23 (17–30) | 0.004 | 0.52^ 0.38* 0.003° |
ALT (IU/L) | 17 (13–24.25) | 20.5 (15.8–27.3) | 32 (18.5–47.5) | < 0.001 | 0.02^ 0.79* < 0.001° |
FBG (mg/dL) | 90.5 (82–95.25) | 95 (92–101.5) | 99 (87–125) | 0.02 | 0.75^ 0.09* 0.02° |
FBI (μΙU/mL) | 10.3 (1.6–17.8) | 9 (6.3–15.5) | 11.5 (10.5–14) | 0.66 | 0.85^ 0.91* 0.64 |
HOMA-IR | 2.9 (2.1–4.8) | 2 (1.5–3.6) | 2.9 (2.4–3.8) | 0.95 | 0.94^ 0.99* 0.94° |
HOMA-β% | 139.3 (101.2–336) | 111.7 (68.1–180.4) | 133.5 (67.4–216.7) | 0.15 | 0.85^ 0.21* 0.26° |
MS (%) | 0% | 46% | 81% | < 0.001# | 0.004^» < 0.001§» |
T2DM (%) | 0% | 8% | 20% | 0.01# | 0.19^» 0.04*» 0.01°» |
 Treated with metformin |  | 100% | 70% |  | |
 Treated with glinides |  | 0% | 14% |  | |
 Treated with insulin |  | 0% | 28% |  | |
Use of antihypertensive agents (%) | 0% | 36% | 81% | < 0.001# | 0.003^» < 0.001§» |
Use of statins (%) | 0% | 30% | 69% | < 0.001# | 0.003^» < 0.001§» |
Copeptin (pmol/L) | 5.4 (4–9.45) | 6.1 (4.3–8.6) | 8.6 (5.4–11.9) | 0.037 | 0.019^ 0.69* 0.022° |