Table 3 Clinical characteristics to study participants (n = 120) in relation to the quartile of plasma copeptin concentration

Age (years)

43.8 ± 9.2

46.2 ± 10.7

43.6 ± 12

45.7 ± 10.1

0.48

Sex (% M)

50%

30%

30%

90%

< 0.001*;0.01^

BMI (kg/m²)

32.6 ± 10.9

32.3 ± 9.8

36.9 ± 10.8

34.7 ± 11.2

0.51

Waist circumference(cm)

92.7 ± 19.3

100.5 ± 27.4

102.2 ± 27.12

113.4 ± 22.8

0.013

PAS (mmHg)

115 ± 29.4

125.4 ± 14.4

120.7 ± 13

124.4 ± 14.5

0.16

PAD (mmHg)

77.1 ± 6.3

85.5 ± 21.7

81.6 ± 9.25

80.5 ± 10.6

0.17

FBG (mg/dL)

91 (86.5–94.5)

94.5 (84.5–122)

94 (86.5–103.5)

95 (85.3–100.5)

0.56

FBI (μΙU/mL)

11.1 (10.6–20.3)

12.2 (8.7–25.2)

12.1 (8.8–27.4)

11.3 (8.8–17.2)

0.96

HOMA-IR

3.3 (2.4–4.02)

3.6 (1.9–5.6)

2.8 (1.97–5.9)

2.73 (1.8–4.3)

0.60

HOMA-β%

151.7 (122.2–496.1)

89.6 (63.8–121)

163.5 (107.9–274)

94 (133.5–199.7)

0.056

AST (IU/L)

20 (15–22.3)

20 (16–23)

23 (17.5–29)

18 (15.3–25.3)

0.62

ALT (IU/L)

21 (15.7–24.3)

18 (15–28)

25 (16.5–48)

18 (15–36.5)

0.36

GGT (IU/L)

16 (12.5–20)

13 (11–18.8)

25 (16.5–48)

18 (10.8–22.5)

0.53

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

200.6 ± 49.6

205.9 ± 36

180.9 ± 27

204.5 ± 30.5

0.75

HDL (mg/dL)

55.4 ± 13.6

56.1 ± 14.4

43.6 ± 7.8

52.4 ± 11.5

0.44

LDL (mg/dL)

115.1 ± 35.2

123.3 ± 34

111.7 ± 25.4

122.7 ± 37.4

0.51

Triglycerides (mg/dL)

83 (72–139)

127 (73–164)

118.5 (87–146.5)

102.5 (73.5–150.3)

0.43

Serum creatinine (mg/mL)

0.68 ± 0.09

0.8 ± 0.15

0.74 ± 0.013

0.8 ± 0.17

0.01

Serum uric acid (mg/mL)

4.8 ± 1.02

5.5 ± 1.4

5.12 ± 1.1

6.1 ± 1.6

0.037

NAFLD (%)

15%

28%

40%

42%

0.026*; 0.09^

Biopsy-proven NASH

10%

0%

40%

50%

0.05*;0.004^

T2DM (%)

7%

15%

12%

0%

0.18*; 0.16^

MS (%)

26%

26%

48%

52%

0.051*; 0.22^