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Table 3 Persistence of comorbid internalizing disorders, as a function of the number of specific phobia subtypes

From: Childhood generalized specific phobia as an early marker of internalizing psychopathology across the lifespan: results from the World Mental Health Surveys

Comorbid disorder

Number of subtypes

Test of linear effect (total sample)

Test of linear effect (SP cases only)

0

1

2

3

4+

% (SE)

% (SE)

% (SE)

% (SE)

% (SE)

OR (95% CI)

p value

OR (95% CI)

p value

Agoraphobia

57.8 (2.6)

67.6 (3.9)

64.6 (5.1)

63.6 (6.6)

86.4 (3.2)

1.3* (1.1–1.4)

< 0.001

1.3* (1.1–1.6)

0.002

Generalized anxiety disorder

46.2 (1.1)

52.3 (3.0)

56.3 (3.7)

51.0 (4.7)

68.7 (5.3)

1.2* (1.1–1.3)

< 0.001

1.1 (1.0–1.3)

0.155

Panic disorder

56.1 (1.9)

59.3 (4.1)

65.7 (3.9)

63.6 (5.8)

80.7 (4.7)

1.2* (1.1–1.4)

< 0.001

1.3* (1.1–1.6)

0.003

Post-traumatic stress disorder

46.0 (1.5)

53.4 (3.5)

56.0 (4.0)

59.6 (4.9)

50.9 (5.4)

1.2* (1.0–1.3)

0.003

1.0 (0.9–1.2)

0.821

Separation anxiety disorder

20.4 (1.3)

20.3 (3.1)

24.2 (3.1)

23.3 (4.2)

26.3 (4.3)

1.1 (1.0–1.2)

0.109

1.1 (0.9–1.3)

0.345

Social anxiety disorder

56.2 (1.3)

65.3 (2.7)

73.9 (2.8)

73.4 (3.6)

80.2 (3.5)

1.3* (1.2–1.5)

< 0.001

1.2 (1.0–1.3)

0.027

Any anxiety disorder

48.9 (0.8)

59.5 (1.8)

65.4 (2.1)

65.5 (2.9)

76.0 (2.9)

1.4* (1.3–1.4)

< 0.001

1.2* (1.1–1.3)

< 0.001

Major depression/dysthymia

39.7 (0.6)

48.8 (2.0)

51.5 (2.7)

56.3 (3.8)

63.3 (4.5)

1.3* (1.2–1.4)

< 0.001

1.2 (1.0–1.3)

0.007

Bipolar disorder

56.7 (1.6)

57.4 (4.3)

67.9 (4.8)

70.2 (5.4)

77.5 (4.9)

1.2* (1.1–1.4)

< 0.001

1.4* (1.2–1.8)

0.001

Any mood disorder

41.9 (0.5)

50.2 (1.8)

55.3 (2.4)

59.7 (3.1)

68.0 (3.3)

1.3* (1.2–1.4)

< 0.001

1.2* (1.1–1.4)

< 0.001

Any eating disorder

42.9 (2.3)

54.0 (5.7)

55.7 (5.7)

38.1 (8.8)

45.1 (8.9)

1.1 (0.9–1.2)

0.295

0.8 (0.6–1.1)

0.164

Any internalizing disorder

47.9 (0.5)

59.0 (1.5)

66.1 (2.0)

70.5 (2.5)

79.1 (2.5)

1.4* (1.4–1.5)

< 0.001

1.3* (1.2–1.4)

< 0.001

  1. Persistence is defined as the presence of a 12-month disorder among lifetime cases with that disorder. Because of low prevalence, persistence of individual eating disorders was not assessed
  2. Italics indicate the main groups of disorders. *p < 0.005