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Table 1 Demographic and laboratory characteristics of study children

From: Acute kidney injury is associated with impaired cognition and chronic kidney disease in a prospective cohort of children with severe malaria

Characteristic

CC (n = 173)

SMA (n = 219)

CM (n = 260)

p value

Demographics

 Age, median (IQR), years

3.6 (2.6, 4.6)

2.9 (2.1, 4.5)

3.5 (2.5, 4.9)

0.0002

 Female sex, (%) no.

94 (54.3)

86 (39.3)

107 (41.2)

0.006

 Weight-for-age z score, median (IQR)

− 1.0 (− 1.5, − 0.3)

− 1.5 (− 2.2, − 0.7)

− 1.2 (− 1.9, − 0.5)

0.0001

 Height-for-age z score, median (IQR)

− 1.1 (− 1.7, − 0.4)

− 1.0 (− 1.9, − 0.3)

− 0.6 (− 1.9, − 0.5)

0.002

 Socioeconomic status score, median (IQR)1

9 (8, 12)

9 (7, 11)

9 (8, 11)

0.355

 Home environment z score, median (IQR)1

0.12 (− 0.71, 0.85)

− 0.05 (− 0.71, 0.67)

− 0.02 (− 0.71, 0.71)

0.523

Maternal education level, no. (%)1

 Primary 6 or lower

47 (27.2)

88 (38.6)

80 (36.7)

0.348

 Primary 7

42 (24.3)

47 (20.6)

45 (20.6)

 Secondary or higher

74 (42.8)

80 (35.1)

83 (38.1)

 Not known

10 (5.8)

13 (5.7)

10 (4.6)

Paternal education level, no. (%)1

 Primary 6 or lower

24 (13.9)

50 (22.9)

38 (16.7)

0.076

 Primary 7

33 (19.1)

31 (14.2)

40 (17.5)

 Secondary or higher

90 (52.0)

98 (45.0)

98 (43.0)

 Not known

26 (15.0)

39 (17.9)

52 (22.8)

 Child any education, no. (%)1

72 (41.9)

56 (26.3)

85 (38.1)

0.008

Laboratory characteristics2

   

SMA vs. CM

 Hemoglobin, g/dL

11.8 (11.0, 12.6)

3.9 (3.2, 4.5)

6.8 (5.1, 8.7)

< 0.0001

 Glucose, mmol/L

–

6.4 (4.7, 8.2)

6.6 (4.9, 8.9)

0.162

 Lactate, mmol/L

–

4.8 (3.0, 8.0)

3.8 (2.2, 6.7)

0.002

 WBC, × 103/μL

8.6 (7.2, 10.6)

11.5 (8.2, 16.2)

9.4 (7.2, 13.9)

0.0001

 Platelet, ×103/μL

383 (289, 449)

149 (91, 225)

60 (34, 111)

< 0.0001

 Total bilirubin, mg/dL

0.2 (0.1, 0.3)

1.3 (0.7, 2.1)

1.6 (0.9. 2.7)

0.004

 Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), U/L

162 (232, 311)

762 (621, 990)

829 (630, 1116)

0.069

 Plasma albumin, g/dL

3.7 (3.4, 3.9)

2.6 (2.3, 3.0)

2.6 (2.4, 2.9)

0.898

 Sodium, mmol/L

137 (135, 138)

134 (132, 136)

132 (128, 136)

< 0.0001

 Peripheral parasite density, parasites/uL

0 (0, 0)

34,970 (10,085, 134,925)

48,420 (10,830, 282,400)

0.0286

 Plasma PfHRP2, ng/mL

5 (5, 118)

944 (367, 2790)

2828 (1024, 5546)

< 0.0001

 Creatinine, mg/dL

0.30 (0.24, 0.35)

0.35 (0.28, 0.46)

0.42 (0.31, 0.55)

< 0.0001

 BUN, mg/dL

7 (5, 9)

13 (9, 20)

17 (12, 25)

< 0.0001

  1. Continuous measures presented as median (interquartile range) unless otherwise indicated. Continuous measures compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Count measures compared using Pearson’s chi-square or Fisher’s exact, as appropriate
  2. 1Assessed on survivors (n = 218 in SMA, n = 228 in CM)
  3. 2Data on laboratory characteristics presented for all children, as available, but analyzed using Wilcoxon rank-sum test comparing the differences between SMA and CM
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BMC Medicine

ISSN: 1741-7015

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