Demographics
|
Age, years
|
2.8 (2.1, 4.2)
|
3.2 (2.0, 4.9)
|
0.375
|
3.6 (2.7, 5.4)
|
3.2 (2.2, 4.5)
|
0.014
|
Sex, F %
|
65 (39.6)
|
21 (38.2)
|
0.849
|
59 (40.1)
|
48 (42.3)
|
0.705
|
Weight-for-age z score
|
− 1.5 (− 2.2, − 0.7)
|
− 1.8 (− 2.4, − 0.6)
|
0.439
|
− 1.0 (− 1.8, − 0.4)
|
− 1.4 (− 1.9, − 0.8)
|
0.044
|
Height-for-age z score
|
− 1.0 (− 1.8, − 0.3)
|
− 1.4 (− 2.6, − 0.5)
|
0.119
|
− 0.7 (− 1.3, 0.3)
|
− 1.0 (− 1.9, − 0.1)
|
0.024
|
Weight-for-height z score
|
− 0.9 (− 1.8, − 0.1)
|
− 0.9 (− 1.6, − 0.1)
|
0.697
|
− 1.0 (− 1.8, − 0.1)
|
− 1.0 (− 1.7, − 0.3)
|
0.914
|
HIV-infected, n (%)
|
5 (3.1)
|
1 (1.9)
|
1.000
|
1 (0.7)
|
4 (4.0)
|
0.165
|
Sickle cell disease (HbSS), n (%)
|
17 (10.4)
|
4 (7.3)
|
0.605
|
1 (0.7)
|
0 (0.0)
|
0.380
|
Admission characteristics
|
Symptoms
|
History of fever, days
|
4 (3, 5)
|
3 (2, 5)
|
0.078
|
3 (2, 4)
|
3 (2, 4)
|
0.537
|
Tea-colored urine, n (%)
|
23 (14.0)
|
15 (27.3)
|
0.025
|
18 (12.2)
|
27 (23.9)
|
0.014
|
Diarrhea, n (%)
|
10 (6.1)
|
6 (10.9)
|
0.235
|
6 (4.1)
|
6 (5.3)
|
0.640
|
Vomiting, n (%)
|
74 (45.1)
|
38 (69.1)
|
0.002
|
60 (40.8)
|
38 (33.6)
|
0.236
|
Clinical signs
|
Temperature, °C
|
37.7 (37.0, 38.5)
|
37.7 (36.7, 38.5)
|
0.976
|
38.0 (36.9, 38.5)
|
37.6 (37.0, 38.5)
|
0.161
|
Pulse, beats/min
|
150 (137, 162)
|
154 (138, 168)
|
0.158
|
148 (128, 165)
|
150 (135, 168)
|
0.278
|
Respiratory rate, breaths/min
|
44 (36, 55)
|
40 (35, 52)
|
0.358
|
44 (34, 54)
|
44 (36, 56)
|
0.357
|
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg
|
90 (82, 100)
|
90 (85, 100)
|
0.708
|
96 (90, 105)
|
96 (85, 104)
|
0.409
|
Blantyre coma score
|
5 (5, 5)
|
5 (5, 5)
|
–
|
2 (1, 2)
|
2 (1, 2)
|
0.684
|
Glasgow coma score
|
15 (15, 15)
|
15 (15, 15)
|
–
|
7 (6, 8)
|
7 (6, 8)
|
0.760
|
Severe dehydration, n (%)1
|
4 (2.4)
|
3 (5.5)
|
0.371
|
4 (2.7)
|
3 (2.7)
|
1.000
|
Urine hemoglobin positive, n (%)
|
10 (7.7)
|
8 (19.5)
|
0.032
|
14 (10.8)
|
28 (33.7)
|
< 0.0001
|
Hemoglobinuria, n (%)
|
16 (9.8)
|
13 (23.6)
|
0.009
|
10 (6.9)
|
21 (18.6)
|
0.004
|
Laboratory tests
|
Hemoglobin, g/dL
|
4.0 (3.1, 4.6)
|
3.8 (3.4, 4.3)
|
0.942
|
7.2 (5.7, 9.0)
|
6.0 (4.8, 7.9)
|
0.0002
|
Glucose, mmol/L
|
6.8 (5.0, 8.2)
|
5.3 (4.1, 7.2)
|
0.002
|
6.9 (5.4, 9.6)
|
6.1 (4.6, 4.6)
|
0.032
|
Lactate, mmol/L
|
4.6 (2.8, 7.7)
|
5.5 (3.6, 9.5)
|
0.052
|
3.3 (2.0, 6.1)
|
4.3 (2.8, 8.0)
|
0.003
|
WBC, × 103/μL
|
11.2 (8.2, 15.7)
|
12.3 (9.2, 22.3)
|
0.117
|
8.3 (6.3, 12.3)
|
10.8 (7.9, 17.4)
|
0.0008
|
Platelet, × 103/μL
|
155 (95, 242)
|
133 (82, 197)
|
0.179
|
62 (35, 112)
|
51 (33, 109)
|
0.225
|
Total bilirubin, mg/dL
|
1.1 (0.6, 1.9)
|
1.5 (0.9, 2.9)
|
0.007
|
1.4 (0.8, 2.0)
|
2.0 (1.0, 3.6)
|
0.0001
|
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), U/L
|
728 (591, 879)
|
990 (754, 1510)
|
< 0.00001
|
712 (537, 906)
|
1090 (797, 1513)
|
< 0.00001
|
Plasma albumin, g/dL
|
2.6 (2.4, 3.0)
|
2.6 (2.3, 3.2)
|
0.737
|
2.6 (2.3, 3.0)
|
2.7 (2.4, 2.9)
|
0.467
|
Sodium, mmol/L
|
134 (132, 136)
|
135 (132, 137)
|
0.383
|
132 (128, 135)
|
133 (129, 136)
|
0.180
|
Peripheral parasite density, parasites/uL
|
34,680 (10,435, 133,980)
|
40,070 (6085, 138,470)
|
0.868
|
50,820 (13,910, 287,835)
|
42,140 (8000, 249,560)
|
0.338
|
Plasma PfHRP2, ng/mL
|
886 (326, 2344)
|
1415 (382, 3453)
|
0.151
|
2244 (655, 3965)
|
4394 (2208, 7469)
|
< 0.00001
|
Creatinine, mg/dL
|
0.31 (0.26, 0.38)
|
0.53 (0.48, 0.67)
|
< 0.00001
|
0.33 (0.29, 0.39)
|
0.58 (0.49, 0.78)
|
< 0.00001
|
BUN, mg/dL
|
11 (8, 16)
|
22 (15, 30)
|
< 0.00001
|
13 (10, 17)
|
26 (18, 41)
|
< 0.00001
|
Composite disease severity score
|
Number of severity criteria2
|
3 (2, 3)
|
3 (2, 4)
|
0.0029
|
4 (3, 4)
|
4 (3, 5)
|
0.0004
|
Nephrotoxic medication history3
|
NSAIDs4
|
12 (7.3)
|
3 (5.5)
|
0.224
|
15 (10.2)
|
15 (13.3)
|
0.442
|
Gentamicin
|
2 (1.2)
|
1 (1.8)
|
1.000
|
5 (3.4)
|
5 (4.4)
|
0.671
|
Any nephrotoxic medication5
|
14 (8.5)
|
4 (7.3)
|
1.000
|
19 (12.9)
|
19 (16.8)
|
0.379
|
Number of nephrotoxic medications6
|
0
|
148 (91.4)
|
50 (92.6)
|
0.835
|
127 (87.6)
|
98 (82.9)
|
0.569
|
1
|
13 (8.0)
|
4 (7.4)
| |
17 (11.7)
|
18 (16.2)
|
2
|
1 (0.6)
|
0 (0.0)
| |
1 (0.7)
|
1 (0.9)
|