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Table 2 Sensitivity analyses of women-to-men ratio of relative risks for the outcomes associated with diabetes

From: Sex differences in the association between diabetes and risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 5,162,654 participants

 

Individuals

N

RRR

Lower

Upper

P value

Test for heterogeneity

P value for interaction

I2 (%)

χ 2

P value

 

All-cause mortality

3,887,585

28

        

 Age (years)

         

0.97

  < 60

2,517,958

17

1.10

1.01

1.21

0.03

64.60

45.24

< 0.001

 

  ≥ 60

268,044

7

1.10

1.04

1.18

< 0.001

0.00

3.00

0.81

 

  Others

1,101,583

4

1.19

0.91

1.57

0.21

84.30

19.05

< 0.001

 

 Location

         

0.63

  Asia

1944.650

8

1.12

1.03

1.21

0.05

56.00

15.89

0.03

 

  Western Europe

347,906

8

1.18

0.93

1.50

0.18

76.40

29.69

< 0.001

 

  North America

1,572,948

8

1.10

1.08

1.12

< 0.001

0.00

4.33

0.74

 

  Others

22,081

4

0.96

0.73

1.26

0.77

32.80

4.47

0.22

 

 Follow-up years

         

0.64

  < 10

908,252

9

1.12

1.02

1.22

0.02

38.00

12.91

0.12

 

  ≥ 10

2,979,333

19

1.13

1.06

1.21

< 0.001

66.2

53.32

< 0.001

 

 Publication years

         

0.55

  ≤ 2000

95,532

9

1.1

0.9

1.4

0.5

64.50

22.51

< 0.001

 

  2001–2009

1,381,865

5

1.3

1.0

1.6

< 0.001

81.50

21.60

< 0.001

 

  ≥ 2010

2,410,188

14

1.1

1.0

1.2

< 0.001

39.8

21.59

0.06

 

 Method of diabetes ascertainment

         

0.24

  KDM

2,486,016

18

1.17

1.07

1.26

< 0.001

74.2

65.97

< 0.001

 

  NDM

590,506

6

1.05

0.90

1.21

0.20

32.10

7.36

0.6

 

  KDM, NDM

1,363,765

9

1.05

0.97

1.15

0.3

16.40

9.56

< 0.001

 

  Treated diabetes

NA

         

Cancer mortality

4,482,501

14

        

 Age (years)

         

0.92

  < 60

3,361,850

12

1.01

0.95

1.07

0.75

0.00

10.69

0.47

 

  ≥ 60

66,820

1

1.02

0.88

1.18

0.81

NA

0.00

NA

 

  Others

52,655

1

1.04

0.99

1.09

0.17

NA

0.72

NA

 

 Location

         

0.56

  Asia

2,795,136

8

1.01

0.96

1.08

0.65

0.00

5.33

0.62

 

  Western Europe

276,141

3

0.94

0.58

1.51

0.80

53.50

4.30

0.12

 

  North America

1,411,224

3

1.04

0.99

1.09

0.15

0.00

0.03

0.98

 

  Others

NA

         

 Follow-up years

         

0.47

  < 10

881,061

3

1.08

0.94

1.23

0.29

0.00

1.45

0.49

 

  ≥ 10

3,601,440

11

1.02

0.98

1.06

0.32

0.00

9.18

0.52

 

 Publication years

          

  ≤ 2000

5131

1

1.11

0.31

3.94

0.87

NA

0.00

NA

0.73

  2001–2009

1,327,437

2

1.05

0.91

1.20

0.50

5.10

1.05

0.31

 

  ≥ 2010

3,149,933

11

1.02

0.98

1.06

0.30

0.00

9.99

0.44

 

 Method of diabetes ascertainment

         

0.72

  KDM

2,094,903

9

1.03

0.90

1.19

0.65

77.90

36.21

< 0.001

 

  NDM

557,524

2

1.07

0.96

1.18

0.22

0.00

0.04

0.84

 

  KDM, NDM

2,369,318

4

1.03

0.99

1.08

0.16

0.00

1.16

0.764

 

 Treated diabetes

18,280

1

0.99

0.56

1.74

0.96

NA

0

NA

 

CVD mortality

2,067,486

23

        

 Age (years)

         

0.91

  < 60

867,999

18

1.26

1.01

1.56

0.04

72.20

61.20

< 0.001

 

  ≥ 60

106,601

3

1.12

0.98

1.29

0.10

5.70

2.12

0.35

 

  Others

1,092,886

2

1.53

0.77

3.04

0.23

96.60

29.05

< 0.001

 

 Location

         

0.64

  Asia

159,835

6

1.08

0.96

1.22

0.20

0.00

4.95

0.42

 

  Western Europe

460,756

8

1.49

1.17

1.90

< 0.001

58.70

16.96

0.02

 

  North America

1,415,878

6

1.33

1.03

1.72

0.03

88.20

42.22

< 0.001

 

  Others

31,017

3

1.12

0.75

1.67

0.57

0.00

0.53

0.77

 

 Follow-up years

         

0.38

  < 10

433,100

6

1.08

0.96

1.22

0.19

0.00

4.13

0.53

 

  ≥ 10

1,634,386

17

1.35

1.13

1.62

< 0.001

83.00

93.96

< 0.001

 

 Publication years

         

0.13

  ≤ 2000

54,288

4

1.36

0.75

2.47

0.31

79.10

14.33

< 0.001

 

  2001–2009

142,444

6

1.63

1.04

2.57

0.03

83.50

30.31

< 0.001

 

  ≥ 2010

1,870,754

13

1.09

1.06

1.12

< 0.001

0.00

4.62

0.97

 

 Method of diabetes ascertainment

         

0.53

  KDM

1,876,261

11

1.20

1.02

1.42

0.03

85.10

66.94

< 0.001

 

  NDM

42,944

3

1.40

0.84

2.35

0.20

74.50

7.85

0.02

 

  KDM, NDM

152,371

11

1.31

0.95

1.82

0.10

73.10

37.23

< 0.001

 

  Treated diabetes

NA

         

CHD mortality

2,050,929

23

        

 Age (years)

         

0.88

  < 60

864,790

15

1.52

1.22

1.90

< 0.001

39.20

23.02

0.06

 

  ≥ 60

89,838

4

1.68

1.22

2.30

< 0.001

0.00

2.69

0.44

 

  Others

1,096,301

4

1.65

0.90

3.04

0.11

89.70

29.18

< 0.001

 

 Location

         

0.88

  Asia

692,384

5

1.53

0.99

2.38

0.06

61.10

10.29

0.04

 

  Western Europe

242,624

8

1.86

1.42

2.45

< 0.001

41.60

11.98

0.10

 

  North America

1,113,375

9

1.17

1.13

1.22

< 0.001

0.00

7.26

0.51

 

  Others

2546

1

3.11

0.79

12.23

0.11

NA

0.00

NA

 

 Follow-up years

         

0.17

  < 10

606,561

6

1.23

0.85

1.79

0.23

27.20

6.87

0.27

 

  ≥ 10

1,371,125

14

1.75

1.33

2.31

0.00

78.50

60.43

< 0.001

 

  Others

73,243

3

1.38

0.95

2.02

0.10

0.00

0.86

0.65

 

 Publication years

         

0.20

  ≤ 2000

111,122

10

1.66

1.21

2.27

0.00

41.90

15.49

0.08

 

  2001–2009

118,915

6

1.84

1.25

2.71

0.00

32.80

7.44

0.19

 

  ≥ 2010

1,820,892

7

1.30

1.12

1.52

0.00

41.00

10.17

0.12

 

 Method of diabetes ascertainment

         

0.85

  KDM

1,457,769

14

1.52

1.20

1.92

0.00

78.10

59.23

< 0.001

 

  NDM

119,825

4

1.90

0.98

3.70

0.06

70.70

10.26

0.02

 

  KDM, NDM

543,435

7

1.34

1.14

1.57

0.00

0.00

5.42

0.49

 

  Treated diabetes

NA

         

Stroke mortality

2,292,387

15

        

 Age (years)

         

0.71

  < 60

1,078,421

10

1.12

0.98

1.28

0.11

0.00

7.36

0.60

 

  ≥ 60

105,674

2

1.06

0.85

1.33

0.61

0.00

0.03

0.86

 

  Others

1,108,292

3

1.07

0.99

1.15

0.08

0.00

1.67

0.43

 

 Location

         

0.42

  Asia

764,335

7

1.11

0.97

1.26

0.12

0.00

5.04

0.54

 

  Western Europe

132,562

5

1.36

0.97

1.90

0.07

0.00

1.60

0.81

 

  North America

1,392,944

2

1.06

0.98

1.13

0.13

0.00

0.08

0.78

 

  Others

2546

1

0.46

0.03

7.76

0.59

NA

0.00

NA

 

 Follow-up years

         

0.58

  < 10

903,575

4

1.12

0.96

1.30

0.14

0.00

2.62

0.45

 

  ≥ 10

1,388,812

11

1.07

1.00

1.14

0.06

0.00

6.48

0.77

 

  Others

NA

         

 Publication years

         

0.25

  ≤ 2000

67,444

5

1.39

0.90

2.14

0.14

0.00

2.67

0.62

 

  2001–2009

101,874

3

1.09

0.63

1.91

0.75

23.90

2.63

0.27

 

  ≥ 2010

2,123,069

7

1.07

1.00

1.14

0.04

0.00

2.66

0.85

 

 Method of diabetes ascertainment

         

0.27

  KDM

1,720,989

10

1.06

1.00

1.13

0.07

0.00

8.36

0.50

 

  NDM

61,368

2

1.37

0.70

2.66

0.36

24.80

1.33

0.25

 

  KDM, NDM

532,544

4

1.18

0.98

1.42

0.09

0.40

3.01

0.39

 

  Treated diabetes

NA

         
  1. Abbreviations: N number of studies, NA not available, CVD cardiovascular disease, CHD coronary heart disease
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