Risk factors | Adjusted odds ratio for neonatal death in 0–2 days (95% confidence interval) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1* | Model 2* | Model 3* | Model 4* | Model 5* | |
Rural place of residence | 1.45 (0.85–2.47) | 1.40 (0.82–2.39) | 1.50 (0.85–2.65) | 1.56 (0.89–2.74) | 1.43 (0.79–2.56) |
Boy baby | 1.29 (1.01–1.63) | 1.27 (1.00–1.62) | 1.37 (1.07–1.77) | 1.35 (1.05–1.73) | 1.32 (1.02–1.71) |
Wealth index quartile | |||||
I | 1.41 (0.98–2.05) | 1.50 (1.02–2.18) | 2.02 (1.35–3.02) | 1.86 (1.25–2.77) | 2.01 (1.31–3.07) |
II | 1.85 (1.30–2.64) | 1.89 (1.32–2.71) | 2.30 (1.56–3.37) | 2.23 (1.53–3.25) | 2.41 (1.61–3.60) |
III | 1.28 (0.88–1.87) | 1.31 (0.90–1.93) | 1.45 (0.97–2.16) | 1.33 (0.89–1.99) | 1.46 (0.96–2.22) |
IV | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Maternal age | |||||
15–19 years | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
20–24 years | 0.81 (0.50–1.33) | 0.81 (0.49–1.35) | 0.94 (0.56–1.60)‡ | ||
25–29 years | 0.64 (0.37–1.11) | 0.69 (0.39–1.21) | 0.79 (0.45–1.41)‡ | ||
≥ 30 years | 0.81 (0.45–1.46) | 0.76 (0.41–1.40) | 0.81 (0.43–1.53)‡ | ||
Any tobacco use ever | 1.75 (0.99–3.10) | 1.73 (0.95–3.14) | 1.79 (0.99–3.26) | 1.64 (0.90–2.99) | |
Primiparity | 1.37 (1.01–1.86) | 1.41 (1.02–1.96) | 1.43 (1.03–1.98) | 1.44 (1.07–1.93) | |
Maternal history of high blood pressure irrespective of pregnancy | 1.28 (0.57–2.90)‡ | ||||
No maternal antenatal care visit during pregnancy | 1.00 (0.71–1.39)‡ | ||||
Mother did not receive 2 tetanus toxoid injections during pregnancy | 1.52 (1.13–2.05) | 1.49 (1.11–2.00) | 1.54 (1.14–2.09) | ||
Mother did not consume iron folic acid tablets during pregnancy | 0.99 (0.76–1.28)‡ | ||||
Pregnancy with multiple foetuses | 2.92 (1.72–4.95) | 3.33 (1.96–5.64) | 2.31 (1.30–4.11) | ||
Maternal hypertension in the last trimester of pregnancy | 2.00 (1.06–3.77) | 1.82 (0.99–3.36) | 1.34 (0.68–2.66) | ||
Mother had malaria in the last trimester of pregnancy | 0.66 (0.23–1.90)‡ | ||||
Diagnosed with syphilis during pregnancy | |||||
No | 1.00 | ||||
Yes | 1.43 (0.19–10.66)‡ | ||||
Do not know | 1.06 (0.63–1.80)‡ | ||||
Mother had a fever in the last 3 months of pregnancy | 0.57 (0.39–0.85) | 0.56 (0.38–0.83) | 0.49 (0.32–0.74) | ||
Mother had convulsions in the last 3 months of pregnancy | 0.94 (0.64–1.38)‡ | ||||
Mother is informed the baby was not growing adequately inside the womb | 1.44 (0.81–2.54‡) | ||||
Gestation period | |||||
≤ 8 months | 16.74 (12.26–22.86) | 17.03 (12.50–23.20) | 16.52 (11.93–22.88) | ||
> 8 months | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Deferred delivery | 0.84 (0.25–2.83)‡ | ||||
Spontaneous labour | 1.30 (0.99–1.71) | 1.38 (1.03–1.84) | |||
Foul-smelling liquor | 1.46 (0.88–2.42) | 1.12 (0.64–1.96) | |||
Labour for more than 12 h | 1.07 (0.76–1.51)‡ | ||||
Place of delivery | |||||
Public facility | 1.00 | ||||
Private facility | 1.88 (1.31–2.70) | ||||
Home | 1.39 (1.02–1.90) | ||||
Vaginal delivery | 1.26 (0.79–2.00) | ||||
Push/pull done during delivery by the health provider | 2.88 (1.93–4.32) | ||||
Entangled cord around the baby’s neck | |||||
No | 1.00 | ||||
Yes | 2.02 (1.23–3.34) | ||||
Do not know | 0.60 (0.34–1.07) | ||||
Breech presentation of the baby | 2.70 (1.72–4.25) | ||||
Antiseptic cord care | |||||
Yes | 1.00 | ||||
No | 2.40 (1.60–3.59) | ||||
Do not know | 3.85 (2.44–6.10) |