Risk factors | Adjusted odds ratio for neonatal death in 3–7 days (95% confidence interval) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1* | Model 2* | Model 3* | Model 4* | Model 5* | Model 6* | |
Rural place of residence | 1.21 (0.55–2.67) | 1.15 (0.52–2.54) | 1.10 (0.49–2.47) | 1.30 (0.55–3.10) | 1.56 (0.61–4.03) | 0.79 (0.34–1.82) |
Boy baby | 1.06 (0.71–1.57) | 1.09 (0.73–1.62) | 1.13 (0.75–1.70) | 1.19 (0.78–1.80) | 1.20 (0.79–1.82) | 1.04 (0.67–1.62) |
Wealth index quartile | ||||||
I | 0.84 (0.43–1.62) | 0.92 (0.47–1.80) | 0.89 (0.44–1.79) | 0.73 (0.34–1.57) | 0.91 (0.42–1.96) | 1.18 (0.54–2.55) |
II | 1.19 (0.65–2.18) | 1.29 (0.69–2.39) | 1.20 (0.63–2.28) | 1.41 (0.74–2.71) | 1.55 (0.79–3.05) | 1.57 (0.77–3.21) |
III | 1.87 (1.08–3.25) | 2.03 (1.16–3.57) | 1.94 (1.09–3.47) | 2.23 (1.22–4.04) | 2.43 (1.31–4.52) | 2.71 (1.42–5.16) |
IV | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Maternal age | ||||||
15–19 years | 1.00 | |||||
20–24 years | 1.07 (0.45–2.55)‡ | |||||
25–29 years | 0.74 (0.28–1.92)‡ | |||||
≥ 30 years | 0.89 (0.32–2.53)‡ | |||||
Any tobacco use ever | 2.23 (0.89–5.59) | 1.72 (0.62–4.79)‡ | ||||
Null parity | 1.38 (0.84–2.26)‡ | |||||
Maternal history of high blood pressure irrespective of pregnancy | 1.20 (0.29–4.90)‡ | |||||
No maternal antenatal care visit during pregnancy | 1.47 (0.89–2.44) | 1.87 (1.15–3.03) | 1.88 (1.14–3.10) | 1.98 (1.18–3.34) | ||
Mother did not receive 2 tetanus toxoid injections during pregnancy | 1.58 (0.99–2.52) | 1.45 (0.90–2.33) | 1.61 (1.00–2.59) | 1.94 (1.19–3.16) | ||
Mother did not consume iron folic acid tablets during pregnancy | 1.11 (0.72–1.71)‡ | |||||
Pregnancy with multiple foetuses | 6.13 (3.11–12.07) | 6.35 (3.16–12.75) | 5.28 (2.50–11.15) | 5.15 (2.39–11.10) | ||
Maternal hypertension in the last trimester of pregnancy | 0.75 (0.17–3.19)‡ | |||||
Mother had malaria in the last trimester of pregnancy | 1.54 (0.46–5.14)‡ | |||||
Diagnosed with syphilis during pregnancy | ||||||
No | 1.00 | |||||
Yes | NA | |||||
Do not know | 1.60 (0.76–3.36)‡ | |||||
Mother had a fever in the last 3 months of pregnancy | 1.07 (0.63–1.82)‡ | |||||
Mother had convulsions in the last 3 months of pregnancy | 0.95 (0.49–1.87)‡ | |||||
Mother is informed the baby was not growing adequately inside the womb | 0.75 (0.23–2.48)‡ | |||||
Gestation period | ||||||
8 months or less | 6.99 (3.76–13.00) | 6.13 (3.20–11.76) | 6.40 (3.31–12.38) | 3.76 (1.87–7.58) | ||
> 8 months | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Deferred delivery | 2.68 (0.77–9.29) | 3.04 (0.90–10.31) | 2.00 (0.53–7.53) | |||
Spontaneous labour | 1.45 (0.93–2.28) | 1.31 (0.83–2.08)‡ | ||||
Foul-smelling liquor | 1.58 (0.74–3.39)‡ | |||||
Labour for more than 12 h | 1.05 (0.60–1.83)‡ | |||||
Place of delivery | ||||||
Public facility | 1.00 | |||||
Private facility | 0.90 (0.47–1.70)‡ | |||||
Home | 0.88 (0.52–1.49)‡ | |||||
Vaginal delivery | 0.54 (0.27–1.09) | 0.58 (0.31–1.07) | ||||
Push/pull done during delivery by the health provider | 2.55 (1.33–4.86) | 1.81 (0.93–3.51) | ||||
Entangled cord around the baby’s neck | ||||||
No | 1.00 | |||||
Yes | 1.47 (0.63–3.47)‡ | |||||
Do not know | 0.95 (0.43–2.09)‡ | |||||
Breech presentation of the baby | 0.95 (0.36–2.46)‡ | |||||
Antiseptic cord care | ||||||
Yes | 1.00 | |||||
No | 0.99 (0.60–1.64)‡ | |||||
Do not know | 1.20 (0.62–2.31)‡ | |||||
Baby put in the incubator | ||||||
No | 1.00 | |||||
Yes | 3.28 (1.88–5.75) | |||||
Baby received delayed bathing, skin-to-skin care, and immediate breastfeeding | 1.25 (0.54–2.93) | |||||
Received postnatal care within 1 week of birth | 1.48 (0.91–2.39) | |||||
Illness and treatment in the neonatal period | ||||||
No illness | 1.00 | |||||
Untreated illness | 15.71 (9.10–27.13) | |||||
Ill and out-patient treatment sought | 3.82 (1.84–7.92) | |||||
Illness that required hospitalization | 22.34 (11.21–44.52) |