Risk factors | Adjusted odds ratio for neonatal death in 8–27 days (95% confidence interval) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1* | Model 2* | Model 3* | Model 4* | Model 5* | Model 6* | |
Rural place of residence | 1.64 (0.59–4.56) | 1.64 (0.59–4.56) | 1.64 (0.57–4.71) | 1.74 (0.59–5.17) | 1.62 (0.57–4.62) | 1.33 (0.47–3.81) |
Boy baby | 1.33 (0.88–2.00) | 1.30 (0.86–1.96) | 1.47 (0.95–2.27) | 1.44 (0.93–2.24) | 1.53 (0.99–2.37) | 1.31 (0.84–2.05) |
Wealth index quartile | ||||||
I | 2.49 (1.26–4.92) | 2.89 (1.38–6.05) | 3.47 (1.63–7.36) | 4.08 (1.88–8.87) | 3.77 (1.73–8.23) | |
II | 1.92 (0.94–3.88) | 2.47 (1.17–5.22) | 2.89 (1.34–6.20) | 3.31 (1.51–7.23) | 2.88 (1.32–6.29) | |
III | 2.00 (1.00–4.03) | 2.48 (1.20–5.13) | 2.47 (1.15–5.31) | 2.63 (1.22–5.67) | 2.93 (1.37–6.26) | |
IV | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
Maternal age | ||||||
15–19 years | 1.00 | |||||
20–24 years | 1.13 (0.39–3.24)‡ | |||||
25–29 years | 0.92 (0.30–2.82)‡ | |||||
≥ 30 years | 1.39 (0.43–4.47)‡ | |||||
Any tobacco use ever | 0.69 (0.17–2.81)‡ | |||||
Null parity | 1.02 (0.58–1.79)‡ | |||||
Maternal history of high blood pressure irrespective of pregnancy | 0.64 (0.09–4.62)‡ | |||||
No maternal antenatal care visit during pregnancy | 1.22 (0.71–2.09)‡ | |||||
Mother did not receive 2 tetanus toxoid injections during pregnancy | 1.29 (0.78–2.15)‡ | |||||
Mother did not consume iron folic acid tablets during pregnancy | 0.96 (0.61–1.49)‡ | |||||
Pregnancy with multiple foetuses | 9.88 (5.41–18.03) | 11.89 (6.63–21.34) | 10.57 (5.86–19.07) | 11.77 (6.43–21.53) | ||
Maternal hypertension in the last trimester of pregnancy | 1.43 (0.42–4.93)‡ | |||||
Mother had malaria in the last trimester of pregnancy | 0.35 (0.05–2.70)‡ | |||||
Diagnosed with syphilis during pregnancy | ||||||
No | 1.00 | |||||
Yes | NA | |||||
Do not know | 1.07 (0.45–2.52)‡ | |||||
Mother had a fever in the last 3 months of pregnancy | 0.88 (0.50–1.57)‡ | |||||
Mother had convulsions in the last 3 months of pregnancy | 0.61 (0.27–1.37)‡ | |||||
Mother is informed the baby was not growing adequately inside the womb | 2.68 (1.22–5.89) | 2.00 (0.89–4.48) | 2.06 (0.92–4.58) | 1.52 (0.68–3.39) | ||
Gestation period | ||||||
8 months or less | 10.76 (5.86–19.78) | 11.80 (6.45–21.60) | 10.68 (5.81–19.63) | 6.15 (3.18–11.87) | ||
> 8 months | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Deferred delivery | 2.20 (0.58–8.31)‡ | |||||
Spontaneous labour | 1.24 (0.77–2.01)‡ | |||||
Foul-smelling liquor | 1.50 (0.66–3.39)‡ | |||||
Labour for more than 12 hours | 0.97 (0.53–1.77)‡ | |||||
Place of delivery | ||||||
Public facility | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Private facility | 1.86 (1.01–3.44) | 1.38 (0.76–2.52) | ||||
Home | 1.14 (0.69–1.87) | 1.35 (0.79–2.33) | ||||
Vaginal delivery | 1.08 (0.48–2.42)‡ | |||||
Push/pull done during delivery by the health provider | 0.55 (0.17–1.81)‡ | |||||
Entangled cord around the baby’s neck | ||||||
No | 1.00 | |||||
Yes | 1.06 (0.38–2.98)‡ | |||||
Do not know | 1.23 (0.58–2.61)‡ | |||||
Breech presentation of the baby | 1.58 (0.68–3.69)‡ | |||||
Antiseptic cord care | ||||||
Yes | 1.00 | |||||
No | 1.31 (0.78–2.21)‡ | |||||
Do not know | 1.06 (0.50–2.26)‡ | |||||
Baby put in the incubator | ||||||
No | 1.00 | |||||
Yes | 2.72 (1.49–4.96) | |||||
Baby received delayed bathing, skin-to-skin care, and immediate breastfeeding | 1.02 (0.46–2.27) | |||||
Received postnatal care within 1 week of birth | 1.43 (0.85–2.42) | |||||
Illness and treatment in the neonatal period | ||||||
No illness | 1.00 | |||||
Untreated illness | 5.50 (3.11–9.74) | |||||
Ill and out-patient treatment sought | 2.83 (1.49–5.37) | |||||
Illness that required hospitalization | 12.16 (6.21–23.79) |