Table 3 Age-standardised rates of stroke mortality and burden attributable to modifiable risk factors
| Â | All-type stroke | Ischaemic stroke | Intracerebral haemorrhage | Subarachnoid haemorrhage | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (95% uncertainty interval) | Mean (95% uncertainty interval) | Mean (95% uncertainty interval) | Mean (95% uncertainty interval) | |||||||||
1990 | 2017 | Percent change | 1990 | 2017 | Percent change | 1990 | 2017 | Percent change | 1990 | 2017 | Percent change | |
Deaths per 100,000 people | ||||||||||||
 Global | ||||||||||||
  All risk factors | 102.7 (97.5 to 108.4) | 67.9 (64.2 to 71.3) | -34 (-36 to -32) | 46.7 (42.4 to 50.9) | 30.2 (27.4 to 33) | -35 (-37 to -33) | 47.2 (43.9 to 51.6) | 33 (30.9 to 35.1) | -30 (-34 to -27) | 8.9 (7 to 10.3) | 4.7 (4.3 to 5.3) | -47 (-52 to -34) |
  Air pollution | 14.5 (12 to 17) | 8.6 (7 to 10.3) | -41 (-43 to -38) | 5.6 (4.5 to 6.7) | 3.4 (2.7 to 4.2) | -38 (-41 to -35) | 7.4 (6.1 to 8.8) | 4.5 (3.6 to 5.4) | -39 (-44 to -36) | 1.5 (1.1 to 1.9) | 0.7 (0.5 to 0.8) | -56 (-61 to -43) |
  Other environmental risks | 6.1 (4 to 8.5) | 4.7 (3.2 to 6.5) | -22 (-27 to -16) | 2 (1.2 to 3.1) | 1.8 (1.1 to 2.6) | -11 (-19 to 1) | 3.4 (2.2 to 4.9) | 2.6 (1.7 to 3.7) | -23 (-30 to -16) | 0.7 (0.4 to 1) | 0.3 (0.2 to 0.5) | -53 (-60 to -36) |
  Tobacco | 22.5 (21.1 to 24.1) | 13.2 (12.3 to 14.1) | -42 (-44 to -39) | 8.7 (8 to 9.4) | 5.1 (4.7 to 5.5) | -41 (-44 to -39) | 11.4 (10.5 to 12.6) | 7 (6.5 to 7.5) | -38 (-42 to -35) | 2.4 (1.9 to 2.9) | 1 (0.9 to 1.2) | -57 (-62 to -46) |
  Alcohol use | 8.2 (5.2 to 11.2) | 7.1 (5.1 to 9.1) | -13 (-29 to 12) | 0.9 (-0.8 to 2.9) | 1.3 (0.3 to 2.3) | 34 (-1079 to 841) | 7.2 (5 to 9.4) | 5.8 (4.2 to 7.4) | -20 (-31 to -3) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) |
  High fasting plasma glucose | 22 (13.9 to 36.2) | 16.5 (10.9 to 25.6) | -25 (-30 to -20) | 11.1 (5.3 to 24.1) | 7.9 (3.9 to 16.5) | -29 (-34 to -23) | 9.3 (5.7 to 14.5) | 7.5 (4.6 to 11.4) | -19 (-25 to -14) | 1.6 (1 to 2.5) | 1.1 (0.7 to 1.7) | -31 (-38 to -16) |
  High systolic blood pressure | 64.4 (54.2 to 73.8) | 43.4 (36.6 to 49.9) | -33 (-35 to -31) | 28 (21.6 to 34.6) | 18.1 (13.9 to 22.3) | -36 (-38 to -33) | 30.5 (24.1 to 37) | 22.1 (17.5 to 26.4) | -28 (-32 to -24) | 5.9 (4.4 to 7.2) | 3.3 (2.6 to 3.9) | -44 (-50 to -32) |
  High body-mass index | 13.7 (7 to 21.8) | 13.2 (8 to 18.9) | -4 (-15 to 16) | 4.7 (2.3 to 7.8) | 4.1 (2.3 to 6.3) | -13 (-21 to -1) | 7.3 (3.7 to 12.1) | 7.6 (4.7 to 11.2) | 5 (-10 to 28) | 1.7 (0.9 to 2.7) | 1.5 (1 to 2) | -12 (-29 to 14) |
  Dietary risks | 58.7 (52.4 to 65) | 37.1 (32.8 to 41.3) | -37 (-39 to -35) | 22.7 (18.8 to 26.5) | 14.4 (12 to 16.8) | -36 (-39 to -33) | 29.8 (25.1 to 34.8) | 19.7 (16.7 to 22.5) | -34 (-38 to -30) | 6.2 (4.6 to 7.4) | 3 (2.4 to 3.5) | -52 (-58 to -39) |
  Low physical activity | 6.3 (2.2 to 11.6) | 4 (1.4 to 7.3) | -37 (-40 to -34) | 6.3 (2.2 to 11.6) | 4 (1.4 to 7.3) | -37 (-40 to -34) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) |
  Impaired kidney function | 9.2 (6.9 to 11.8) | 6 (4.6 to 7.6) | -35 (-38 to -31) | 4.7 (3.3 to 6.3) | 2.9 (2.1 to 3.8) | -38 (-41 to -34) | 4.5 (3.5 to 5.5) | 3.1 (2.5 to 3.7) | -31 (-35 to -27) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) |
  High LDL cholesterol | 11.4 (4 to 23.6) | 7 (2.6 to 14.5) | -38 (-41 to -34) | 11.4 (4 to 23.6) | 7 (2.6 to 14.5) | -38 (-41 to -34) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) |
 World Bank Low Income | ||||||||||||
  All risk factors | 120.6 (109.6 to 131.4) | 90.9 (82.8 to 98.3) | -25 (-30 to -19) | 45.7 (38.4 to 53.6) | 35.7 (29.3 to 41.6) | -22 (-28 to -16) | 68.6 (60.3 to 77.1) | 50.9 (45.6 to 56.6) | -26 (-31 to -19) | 6.3 (4.5 to 9) | 4.3 (3.1 to 6.5) | -32 (-41 to -20) |
  Air pollution | 24.2 (20.6 to 28.1) | 16.2 (13.5 to 19.2) | -33 (-38 to -27) | 8.7 (7 to 10.5) | 5.9 (4.7 to 7.3) | -31 (-37 to -25) | 14.2 (11.7 to 16.8) | 9.4 (7.8 to 11.2) | -33 (-39 to -27) | 1.4 (0.9 to 2) | 0.9 (0.6 to 1.3) | -39 (-47 to -29) |
  Other environmental risks | 9.4 (6.2 to 12.9) | 7.1 (4.7 to 9.8) | -25 (-31 to -17) | 3.1 (1.9 to 4.5) | 2.6 (1.6 to 3.8) | -16 (-23 to -7) | 5.7 (3.6 to 8.2) | 4.1 (2.6 to 5.8) | -28 (-35 to -20) | 0.6 (0.3 to 0.9) | 0.4 (0.2 to 0.6) | -34 (-43 to -22) |
  Tobacco | 15.4 (13.5 to 17.3) | 10.7 (9.5 to 11.9) | -30 (-36 to -24) | 4.8 (4.1 to 5.8) | 3.5 (2.9 to 4.2) | -27 (-34 to -20) | 9.5 (8.2 to 10.9) | 6.5 (5.7 to 7.3) | -31 (-37 to -24) | 1.1 (0.8 to 1.6) | 0.7 (0.5 to 1.1) | -38 (-48 to -25) |
  Alcohol use | 7.1 (3.9 to 10.7) | 4.1 (1.6 to 7) | -42 (-63 to -27) | 0 (-1.1 to 1.1) | -0.4 (-1.4 to 0.5) | 4097 (-1508 to 1024) | 7.1 (4.3 to 10.2) | 4.5 (2.2 to 6.9) | -36 (-51 to -24) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) |
  High fasting plasma glucose | 32.6 (20.8 to 50.7) | 27.1 (17.1 to 41.8) | -17 (-24 to -9) | 13.3 (6 to 28.8) | 11.4 (5.2 to 25) | -14 (-22 to -5) | 17.9 (9.9 to 28.9) | 14.5 (8.3 to 22.9) | -19 (-27 to -10) | 1.5 (0.8 to 2.7) | 1.2 (0.6 to 2.1) | -22 (-33 to -8) |
  High systolic blood pressure | 73.5 (60.6 to 86) | 59.1 (49.2 to 68.1) | -20 (-25 to -14) | 26.2 (19.7 to 33.7) | 21.5 (16.1 to 27.5) | -18 (-24 to -11) | 43.3 (33.5 to 53.2) | 34.6 (27.4 to 41.3) | -20 (-26 to -13) | 4.1 (2.8 to 6) | 3 (2 to 4.6) | -28 (-37 to -16) |
  High body-mass index | 11 (4.2 to 20.8) | 12.9 (6.9 to 20.1) | 17 (-5 to 67) | 2.7 (1 to 5.2) | 3.3 (1.7 to 5.5) | 24 (0 to 76) | 7.5 (2.9 to 14.2) | 8.7 (4.6 to 13.8) | 16 (-6 to 65) | 0.9 (0.3 to 1.7) | 0.9 (0.4 to 1.6) | 6 (-17 to 59) |
  Dietary risks | 69 (59.2 to 79.2) | 49.2 (42.2 to 56.6) | -29 (-34 to -23) | 22.9 (17.7 to 28.3) | 17.2 (13.2 to 21.3) | -25 (-31 to -19) | 41.9 (33.8 to 50.7) | 29.4 (23.9 to 35.4) | -30 (-36 to -24) | 4.2 (3 to 6.1) | 2.7 (1.9 to 4) | -36 (-45 to -26) |
  Low physical activity | 5.5 (1.8 to 10.5) | 4.2 (1.5 to 8.1) | -22 (-29 to -16) | 5.5 (1.8 to 10.5) | 4.2 (1.5 to 8.1) | -22 (-29 to -16) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) |
  Impaired kidney function | 12.5 (9.4 to 15.6) | 9.3 (7 to 11.8) | -26 (-32 to -20) | 5.2 (3.6 to 7) | 4 (2.7 to 5.4) | -24 (-31 to -18) | 7.3 (5.6 to 9.1) | 5.3 (4.2 to 6.6) | -27 (-33 to -20) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) |
  High LDL cholesterol | 8.4 (3.3 to 18.5) | 7 (2.7 to 15.2) | -16 (-23 to -9) | 8.4 (3.3 to 18.5) | 7 (2.7 to 15.2) | -16 (-23 to -9) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) |
 World Bank Lower Middle Income | ||||||||||||
  All risk factors | 113.6 (106.8 to 121.1) | 87.7 (82.5 to 92.7) | -23 (-26 to -20) | 53.2 (46.9 to 60.3) | 39.7 (35 to 44.9) | -25 (-29 to -21) | 52.9 (46.7 to 58.7) | 42.2 (38.3 to 45.7) | -20 (-25 to -15) | 7.5 (6.2 to 9.7) | 5.8 (5 to 6.9) | -23 (-32 to -13) |
  Air pollution | 19.1 (16.1 to 22.2) | 12.3 (10.1 to 14.7) | -36 (-40 to -31) | 8 (6.4 to 9.6) | 5.1 (4 to 6.3) | -36 (-41 to -31) | 9.7 (7.8 to 11.4) | 6.3 (5.1 to 7.5) | -35 (-40 to -30) | 1.5 (1.1 to 2) | 1 (0.7 to 1.2) | -36 (-43 to -27) |
  Other environmental risks | 7.7 (5.1 to 10.5) | 6.7 (4.5 to 9.1) | -13 (-18 to -6) | 2.8 (1.7 to 4.2) | 2.7 (1.7 to 4) | -3 (-12 to 8) | 4.2 (2.7 to 6) | 3.5 (2.3 to 4.9) | -17 (-24 to -10) | 0.6 (0.4 to 1) | 0.5 (0.3 to 0.7) | -23 (-34 to -7) |
  Tobacco | 20.5 (18.7 to 22.5) | 13.8 (12.6 to 15.1) | -33 (-38 to -28) | 8.2 (7.2 to 9.4) | 5.3 (4.7 to 6.1) | -35 (-40 to -30) | 10.7 (9.3 to 12.1) | 7.4 (6.6 to 8.2) | -31 (-37 to -25) | 1.6 (1.2 to 2.3) | 1.1 (0.9 to 1.4) | -34 (-44 to -19) |
  Alcohol use | 4.9 (2.6 to 7.3) | 6.6 (4.9 to 8.5) | 34 (2 to 101) | 0.6 (-0.7 to 1.9) | 1.5 (0.7 to 2.3) | 159 (-2053 to 2162) | 4.4 (2.9 to 5.9) | 5.1 (3.7 to 6.7) | 17 (-4 to 52) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) |
  High fasting plasma glucose | 27.1 (16.8 to 45.8) | 25.9 (16.9 to 40.7) | -4 (-13 to 5) | 13.6 (6.2 to 30.9) | 12.3 (5.8 to 25.9) | -9 (-18 to 2) | 11.9 (6.8 to 19.2) | 12 (7.2 to 18.3) | 1 (-8 to 11) | 1.6 (1 to 2.6) | 1.6 (1 to 2.4) | -1 (-15 to 14) |
  High systolic blood pressure | 71.4 (60.7 to 81.9) | 57 (48.7 to 65.4) | -20 (-24 to -17) | 31.6 (24.4 to 40) | 24.1 (18.7 to 30.7) | -24 (-28 to -19) | 34.8 (27 to 42.2) | 28.9 (23 to 34.6) | -17 (-23 to -11) | 5.1 (3.9 to 6.7) | 4.1 (3.2 to 5.1) | -20 (-28 to -10) |
  High body-mass index | 11.1 (5.5 to 18.4) | 14.7 (9 to 21) | 33 (10 to 69) | 3.9 (1.9 to 6.6) | 4.3 (2.5 to 6.6) | 11 (-3 to 34) | 6.1 (2.9 to 10.5) | 8.8 (5.3 to 12.7) | 45 (17 to 92) | 1.1 (0.5 to 1.9) | 1.6 (1 to 2.3) | 44 (15 to 95) |
  Dietary risks | 63.7 (56.1 to 71.8) | 44.5 (38.7 to 50.2) | -30 (-34 to -27) | 26.2 (20.7 to 31.4) | 17.5 (14.1 to 21.1) | -33 (-37 to -29) | 32.5 (26.5 to 38.5) | 23.4 (19.2 to 27.7) | -28 (-33 to -23) | 5 (3.9 to 6.6) | 3.5 (2.8 to 4.4) | -30 (-37 to -21) |
  Low physical activity | 6.7 (2.2 to 12.6) | 4.9 (1.7 to 9.1) | -27 (-31 to -23) | 6.7 (2.2 to 12.6) | 4.9 (1.7 to 9.1) | -27 (-31 to -23) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) |
  Impaired kidney function | 11.3 (8.6 to 14.3) | 8.9 (6.8 to 11.2) | -22 (-26 to -17) | 5.8 (4.1 to 7.7) | 4.3 (3 to 5.7) | -25 (-30 to -20) | 5.6 (4.4 to 6.9) | 4.6 (3.7 to 5.6) | -17 (-23 to -12) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) |
  High LDL cholesterol | 11.1 (4 to 24.6) | 8.2 (3.1 to 17.8) | -26 (-30 to -21) | 11.1 (4 to 24.6) | 8.2 (3.1 to 17.8) | -26 (-30 to -21) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) |
 World Bank Upper Middle Income | ||||||||||||
  All risk factors | 133.9 (126.4 to 142.4) | 84.8 (79.9 to 89.6) | -37 (-39 to -34) | 56.1 (51.3 to 61.7) | 38.3 (35.1 to 41.7) | -32 (-35 to -28) | 64 (59 to 72.4) | 41.3 (38.4 to 44.2) | -35 (-42 to -31) | 13.7 (8.8 to 16) | 5.2 (4.5 to 5.8) | -62 (-68 to -45) |
  Air pollution | 19.3 (15.9 to 23) | 10.2 (8 to 12.3) | -47 (-51 to -44) | 6.9 (5.5 to 8.4) | 4.2 (3.3 to 5.2) | -39 (-44 to -34) | 10 (8.2 to 12.2) | 5.3 (4.2 to 6.3) | -47 (-53 to -43) | 2.4 (1.5 to 3) | 0.7 (0.5 to 0.8) | -72 (-77 to -58) |
  Other environmental risks | 8.7 (5.7 to 12) | 6.3 (4.2 to 8.7) | -27 (-33 to -20) | 2.5 (1.5 to 3.8) | 2.4 (1.5 to 3.5) | -6 (-18 to 9) | 4.9 (3.1 to 7.1) | 3.5 (2.3 to 5.1) | -28 (-38 to -19) | 1.2 (0.6 to 1.8) | 0.4 (0.2 to 0.6) | -68 (-75 to -48) |
  Tobacco | 30.8 (28.5 to 33.5) | 18.9 (17.6 to 20.3) | -39 (-43 to -35) | 10.9 (10 to 12.1) | 7.5 (7 to 8.1) | -31 (-36 to -25) | 16.3 (14.7 to 18.5) | 10.1 (9.4 to 10.8) | -38 (-44 to -33) | 3.6 (2.4 to 4.4) | 1.3 (1.1 to 1.5) | -65 (-72 to -49) |
  Alcohol use | 10.7 (6.7 to 14.8) | 11.1 (7.5 to 14.5) | 4 (-20 to 46) | 0.9 (-1 to 2.9) | 2.4 (0.9 to 4) | 175 (-2437 to 2863) | 9.8 (6.7 to 13) | 8.6 (6.1 to 11.3) | -12 (-30 to 18) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) |
  High fasting plasma glucose | 24.3 (15.7 to 38.7) | 16.2 (10.5 to 25.2) | -34 (-38 to -29) | 11.6 (5.7 to 24.3) | 8 (4.1 to 16.1) | -31 (-36 to -25) | 10.6 (6.6 to 16.3) | 7.2 (4.5 to 10.9) | -32 (-38 to -26) | 2.2 (1.2 to 3.4) | 1 (0.6 to 1.5) | -54 (-61 to -36) |
  High systolic blood pressure | 81.5 (67.6 to 94.8) | 53.9 (45 to 62.4) | -34 (-37 to -31) | 32.8 (25.2 to 40.8) | 22.9 (17.7 to 28.4) | -30 (-34 to -27) | 40 (30.8 to 49.4) | 27.4 (21.3 to 33.3) | -32 (-38 to -27) | 8.7 (5.5 to 11.1) | 3.6 (2.8 to 4.3) | -59 (-65 to -40) |
  High body-mass index | 17.7 (8.7 to 29.1) | 16.1 (9.4 to 23.7) | -9 (-21 to 11) | 6 (2.9 to 9.9) | 5.4 (2.9 to 8.4) | -11 (-19 to 1) | 9.5 (4.5 to 16) | 9.2 (5.4 to 13.9) | -3 (-18 to 20) | 2.2 (1 to 3.8) | 1.6 (1 to 2.2) | -27 (-46 to 6) |
  Dietary risks | 84 (74.4 to 93.5) | 48.9 (42.9 to 54.6) | -42 (-45 to -39) | 30.2 (25.2 to 35.3) | 19.5 (16.3 to 22.5) | -36 (-40 to -31) | 43.6 (36.9 to 51.3) | 26.1 (22.2 to 30) | -40 (-47 to -36) | 10.2 (6.3 to 12.3) | 3.3 (2.8 to 3.9) | -67 (-72 to -51) |
  Low physical activity | 7.7 (2.6 to 14.3) | 5.1 (1.8 to 9.4) | -34 (-37 to -30) | 7.7 (2.6 to 14.3) | 5.1 (1.8 to 9.4) | -34 (-37 to -30) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) |
  Impaired kidney function | 11.4 (8.5 to 14.6) | 6.8 (5.1 to 8.6) | -40 (-45 to -37) | 5.6 (3.9 to 7.4) | 3.4 (2.4 to 4.5) | -40 (-43 to -36) | 5.7 (4.5 to 7.2) | 3.4 (2.7 to 4.2) | -41 (-47 to -37) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) |
  High LDL cholesterol | 13.7 (5 to 28.3) | 9.2 (3.3 to 18.8) | -33 (-37 to -30) | 13.7 (5 to 28.3) | 9.2 (3.3 to 18.8) | -33 (-37 to -30) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) |
 World Bank High Income | ||||||||||||
  All risk factors | 60.9 (57.2 to 64.2) | 25.5 (23.6 to 27.5) | -58 (-59 to -56) | 33.2 (30.1 to 36.4) | 12.5 (11 to 14.2) | -62 (-64 to -60) | 22.7 (21.4 to 23.9) | 10.2 (9.4 to 10.9) | -55 (-57 to -53) | 4.9 (4.6 to 5.2) | 2.8 (2.6 to 3.1) | -42 (-45 to -39) |
  Air pollution | 5 (3.8 to 6.3) | 1.9 (1.4 to 2.4) | -62 (-65 to -60) | 2.5 (1.9 to 3.3) | 0.9 (0.6 to 1.1) | -66 (-68 to -64) | 2 (1.5 to 2.5) | 0.8 (0.6 to 1) | -61 (-64 to -58) | 0.5 (0.4 to 0.6) | 0.3 (0.2 to 0.3) | -49 (-53 to -46) |
  Other environmental risks | 1.9 (0.9 to 3.1) | 0.8 (0.3 to 1.3) | -60 (-64 to -57) | 0.9 (0.4 to 1.6) | 0.3 (0.1 to 0.6) | -62 (-66 to -60) | 0.8 (0.4 to 1.4) | 0.3 (0.1 to 0.6) | -59 (-65 to -55) | 0.2 (0.1 to 0.3) | 0.1 (0 to 0.1) | -53 (-61 to -46) |
  Tobacco | 15.1 (14.2 to 16) | 4.2 (3.9 to 4.5) | -72 (-74 to -71) | 6.9 (6.4 to 7.3) | 1.6 (1.5 to 1.8) | -76 (-77 to -75) | 6.5 (6.1 to 6.9) | 1.9 (1.7 to 2) | -71 (-73 to -69) | 1.8 (1.7 to 1.9) | 0.7 (0.6 to 0.7) | -63 (-65 to -60) |
  Alcohol use | 7.1 (4.1 to 10.1) | 2.1 (0.8 to 3.4) | -71 (-83 to -62) | 1.2 (-1 to 3.4) | -0.1 (-0.9 to 0.8) | -107 (-474 to 322) | 5.9 (4 to 7.6) | 2.1 (1.3 to 3) | -63 (-71 to -58) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) |
  High fasting plasma glucose | 15.1 (9 to 26.7) | 7.8 (4.8 to 13.4) | -48 (-53 to -42) | 8.9 (4 to 20.2) | 4.1 (1.9 to 9.6) | -54 (-57 to -49) | 5.2 (3.1 to 8.7) | 3 (1.8 to 5) | -43 (-48 to -38) | 1 (0.6 to 1.4) | 0.7 (0.5 to 1.1) | -23 (-30 to -15) |
  High systolic blood pressure | 40.1 (33.7 to 46.4) | 15.4 (12.6 to 18.2) | -62 (-64 to -60) | 20.8 (15.8 to 26.3) | 7.1 (5.2 to 9.2) | -66 (-68 to -64) | 15.8 (12.5 to 18.8) | 6.4 (4.9 to 8) | -59 (-62 to -57) | 3.5 (3 to 4.1) | 1.9 (1.5 to 2.2) | -47 (-51 to -44) |
  High body-mass index | 10.9 (6.3 to 16.2) | 6.1 (4 to 8.4) | -44 (-50 to -35) | 3.9 (2 to 6.3) | 1.9 (1.1 to 3) | -52 (-56 to -44) | 5.3 (3.1 to 7.9) | 3.1 (2 to 4.3) | -43 (-49 to -32) | 1.7 (1.1 to 2.3) | 1.1 (0.8 to 1.5) | -31 (-37 to -21) |
  Dietary risks | 26.7 (23.6 to 30) | 11.4 (9.9 to 12.9) | -57 (-59 to -55) | 12.9 (10.6 to 15.1) | 4.9 (4 to 5.8) | -62 (-64 to -60) | 11 (9.2 to 12.8) | 4.9 (4.1 to 5.8) | -55 (-57 to -53) | 2.8 (2.4 to 3.3) | 1.6 (1.3 to 1.9) | -43 (-45 to -40) |
  Low physical activity | 4.9 (1.6 to 9) | 2 (0.6 to 3.6) | -60 (-61 to -58) | 4.9 (1.6 to 9) | 2 (0.6 to 3.6) | -60 (-61 to -58) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) |
  Impaired kidney function | 5.2 (3.6 to 7) | 2.2 (1.5 to 3) | -58 (-62 to -55) | 3.2 (2 to 4.4) | 1.3 (0.8 to 1.8) | -61 (-65 to -57) | 2.1 (1.5 to 2.6) | 0.9 (0.7 to 1.2) | -54 (-57 to -51) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) |
  High LDL cholesterol | 9.1 (2.8 to 19.3) | 3.3 (1 to 7.3) | -64 (-66 to -62) | 9.1 (2.8 to 19.3) | 3.3 (1 to 7.3) | -64 (-66 to -62) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) |
DALYs (Disability-Adjusted Life Years) per 100,000 people | ||||||||||||
 Global | ||||||||||||
  All risk factors | 2073.7 (1981.4 to 2169.1) | 1449.6 (1378.6 to 1519.4) | -30 (-32 to -28) | 819.9 (752.5 to 886) | 605.6 (549.2 to 662.8) | -26 (-29 to -23) | 1021.9 (960 to 1102.1) | 714.4 (680.8 to 747.7) | -30 (-34 to -27) | 231.9 (190 to 264.7) | 129.6 (119.5 to 143.3) | -44 (-49 to -33) |
  Air pollution | 333.9 (278.5 to 390.6) | 201.9 (164.1 to 240.1) | -40 (-43 to -37) | 108.9 (87.8 to 129.6) | 72.2 (57.4 to 87.3) | -34 (-37 to -30) | 181.9 (148.8 to 213.4) | 109.7 (89.3 to 130.8) | -40 (-44 to -36) | 43.1 (33 to 53.1) | 19.9 (15.6 to 24.6) | -54 (-59 to -43) |
  Other environmental risks | 142.6 (94.4 to 196.2) | 101.2 (66.7 to 139.1) | -29 (-33 to -25) | 42.2 (26 to 61) | 37.8 (23.9 to 53.1) | -11 (-17 to -2) | 81.3 (52.8 to 114.4) | 54.9 (35.2 to 77.1) | -32 (-38 to -27) | 19.1 (11.1 to 28.2) | 8.5 (5 to 12.7) | -56 (-63 to -43) |
  Tobacco | 559.4 (520.2 to 599.6) | 340.5 (315.7 to 367.2) | -39 (-42 to -37) | 196.7 (180.3 to 214) | 128.7 (116.7 to 142.1) | -35 (-38 to -31) | 291.2 (265.5 to 318.5) | 179.1 (166.4 to 192.1) | -38 (-42 to -35) | 71.6 (57.7 to 84) | 32.6 (29 to 36.9) | -54 (-59 to -46) |
  Alcohol use | 194.3 (137.3 to 252.6) | 172.6 (130.4 to 214.4) | -11 (-24 to 7) | 27.3 (-1.4 to 58.9) | 35.1 (14.2 to 56.2) | 29 (-271 to 440) | 167 (120.6 to 211.5) | 137.5 (103.1 to 171.5) | -18 (-28 to -2) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) |
  High fasting plasma glucose | 405.5 (280.5 to 582.8) | 334.9 (235.8 to 464.6) | -17 (-23 to -12) | 180.8 (95.3 to 331) | 150 (82.1 to 259.6) | -17 (-24 to -9) | 186.6 (119.8 to 268.8) | 156.9 (101.4 to 221.3) | -16 (-22 to -10) | 38.1 (24.3 to 56.1) | 28 (18.1 to 39.7) | -27 (-34 to -12) |
  High systolic blood pressure | 1299.6 (1110.9 to 1465) | 936.7 (805.3 to 1053) | -28 (-30 to -26) | 497.6 (399.2 to 591.1) | 370.8 (295.5 to 439.7) | -25 (-29 to -22) | 653 (538.5 to 764.1) | 478.4 (400.6 to 550.2) | -27 (-31 to -23) | 149 (116.2 to 178.9) | 87.4 (72.5 to 104.2) | -41 (-46 to -30) |
  High body-mass index | 388.4 (209.5 to 604.8) | 406.8 (262.6 to 557.3) | 5 (-10 to 27) | 119.1 (64.4 to 186.6) | 124.3 (75.8 to 179.9) | 4 (-6 to 21) | 211.1 (110.4 to 337.6) | 228.8 (146.2 to 315.5) | 8 (-8 to 35) | 58.2 (31.8 to 91.6) | 53.8 (36.6 to 71.8) | -8 (-25 to 19) |
  Dietary risks | 1367.2 (1228.9 to 1512) | 908 (809.5 to 1004.7) | -34 (-36 to -31) | 478.7 (407.9 to 550.4) | 348 (293.5 to 401.4) | -27 (-31 to -23) | 714.7 (614.2 to 822.3) | 471.4 (406.3 to 534.8) | -34 (-38 to -31) | 173.8 (136.7 to 205.7) | 88.6 (75.1 to 103.3) | -49 (-54 to -38) |
  Low physical activity | 98.9 (34.3 to 186.3) | 70.1 (23.9 to 131.6) | -29 (-32 to -25) | 98.9 (34.3 to 186.3) | 70.1 (23.9 to 131.6) | -29 (-32 to -25) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) |
  Impaired kidney function | 177.7 (145.4 to 212.9) | 126.9 (104.7 to 152.2) | -29 (-32 to -25) | 81.6 (63.9 to 100.1) | 58.8 (47.1 to 72.3) | -28 (-32 to -23) | 96.2 (79.4 to 115.1) | 68 (56 to 80.5) | -29 (-33 to -26) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) |
  High LDL cholesterol | 219.3 (122.7 to 370.8) | 159.1 (93 to 269.2) | -27 (-31 to -23) | 219.3 (122.7 to 370.8) | 159.1 (93 to 269.2) | -27 (-31 to -23) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) |
 World Bank Low Income | ||||||||||||
  All risk factors | 2555.9 (2337.6 to 2776.2) | 1895.1 (1762.6 to 2011.5) | -26 (-31 to -19) | 830.2 (714.9 to 954.2) | 657.3 (559.3 to 749.3) | -21 (-27 to -15) | 1549.7 (1363.8 to 1747.1) | 1114.9 (1013.2 to 1219.3) | -28 (-34 to -21) | 176.1 (128 to 239.5) | 122.8 (90.4 to 177.1) | -30 (-39 to -19) |
  Air pollution | 563.4 (469.4 to 659.7) | 372.2 (310 to 434.3) | -34 (-40 to -27) | 168.5 (136.2 to 205.5) | 117 (93.5 to 142.3) | -31 (-37 to -24) | 352.7 (286.6 to 426.1) | 229 (187.9 to 271.2) | -35 (-41 to -28) | 42.1 (29 to 59.8) | 26.2 (18.4 to 38.9) | -38 (-46 to -27) |
  Other environmental risks | 208.5 (136.5 to 286.1) | 146.3 (96.7 to 200.1) | -30 (-36 to -21) | 59.8 (37.4 to 84) | 49.2 (30.9 to 68.4) | -18 (-24 to -9) | 132.4 (83.3 to 188.2) | 87 (54.4 to 123.2) | -34 (-41 to -26) | 16.3 (9.1 to 26.2) | 10.2 (5.7 to 16.4) | -38 (-46 to -24) |
  Tobacco | 388.6 (341.7 to 437.8) | 272.2 (239.1 to 303.4) | -30 (-36 to -23) | 106.3 (89.5 to 126.1) | 80.9 (67.8 to 95.5) | -24 (-31 to -16) | 248.5 (212 to 287.9) | 169.9 (147.3 to 192.5) | -32 (-38 to -23) | 33.8 (22.9 to 47.8) | 21.3 (14.8 to 31.3) | -37 (-47 to -24) |
  Alcohol use | 186.1 (115.8 to 265.4) | 115.7 (57.2 to 179) | -38 (-55 to -23) | 5.9 (-13.6 to 27.1) | -1.5 (-18.9 to 16.1) | -126 (-908 to 762) | 180.1 (116 to 251.7) | 117.3 (62.8 to 170) | -35 (-50 to -23) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) |
  High fasting plasma glucose | 630.5 (421.6 to 897.9) | 526.7 (353.2 to 740.8) | -16 (-24 to -7) | 226.5 (112.9 to 436.8) | 200.7 (101.7 to 387.3) | -11 (-19 to -1) | 366.8 (215.6 to 562.8) | 296 (177.1 to 448.4) | -19 (-27 to -9) | 37.2 (20.2 to 61.9) | 30.1 (16.3 to 50.5) | -19 (-31 to -5) |
  High systolic blood pressure | 1584.9 (1342.7 to 1820.3) | 1256.9 (1071.6 to 1414.2) | -21 (-26 to -14) | 488.2 (379 to 600.5) | 408.3 (314.7 to 497) | -16 (-22 to -10) | 983.7 (786 to 1189.8) | 764.5 (631.5 to 892) | -22 (-29 to -15) | 113 (79 to 160.9) | 84 (59.9 to 123.7) | -26 (-35 to -14) |
  High body-mass index | 329.1 (132.4 to 601.6) | 387.5 (215.5 to 584.6) | 18 (-6 to 70) | 71.1 (27.6 to 133.9) | 91.9 (49.3 to 145.4) | 29 (4 to 86) | 226.4 (89.9 to 413.6) | 260.6 (144.3 to 399.4) | 15 (-8 to 67) | 31.6 (12.1 to 61.8) | 35 (18 to 59.2) | 11 (-14 to 70) |
  Dietary risks | 1656.9 (1431.3 to 1901.9) | 1163.4 (1004.4 to 1332) | -30 (-35 to -23) | 488.3 (383.3 to 591) | 372.4 (293.2 to 449.3) | -24 (-30 to -17) | 1040.5 (839.2 to 1254.7) | 707.1 (575 to 844.1) | -32 (-38 to -25) | 128.1 (92.7 to 176.8) | 83.8 (59.4 to 119.9) | -35 (-43 to -24) |
  Low physical activity | 90.6 (30.2 to 175.3) | 70.7 (24 to 135) | -22 (-28 to -15) | 90.6 (30.2 to 175.3) | 70.7 (24 to 135) | -22 (-28 to -15) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) |
  Impaired kidney function | 248.5 (198 to 305.1) | 182.6 (147.6 to 220.4) | -26 (-32 to -20) | 92 (68.4 to 117.1) | 71 (53.4 to 90.6) | -23 (-29 to -16) | 156.5 (123.8 to 193.2) | 111.6 (90.2 to 135.1) | -29 (-35 to -21) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) |
  High LDL cholesterol | 173.8 (98.6 to 306.6) | 147.7 (84.5 to 258.2) | -15 (-22 to -7) | 173.8 (98.6 to 306.6) | 147.7 (84.5 to 258.2) | -15 (-22 to -7) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) |
 World Bank Lower Middle Income | ||||||||||||
  All risk factors | 2293.9 (2176.6 to 2406.5) | 1809.2 (1721.2 to 1895) | -21 (-25 to -18) | 912.3 (817 to 1020.2) | 714.5 (638.7 to 801.4) | -22 (-26 to -17) | 1174.1 (1047.7 to 1278.9) | 931.5 (860.5 to 993.2) | -21 (-26 to -16) | 207.4 (173.1 to 259.1) | 163.2 (144 to 192.6) | -21 (-29 to -12) |
  Air pollution | 431.7 (363.7 to 502) | 282.1 (230.7 to 332.5) | -35 (-39 to -30) | 149.3 (120.2 to 180) | 98.6 (76.9 to 121.9) | -34 (-39 to -29) | 237.4 (193.1 to 279.5) | 154.2 (123.9 to 185.2) | -35 (-40 to -30) | 45 (34.2 to 59.5) | 29.3 (22.4 to 37.3) | -35 (-42 to -27) |
  Other environmental risks | 174.8 (117.5 to 236.9) | 138.6 (93.1 to 188.3) | -21 (-26 to -16) | 55.7 (35.2 to 78.5) | 50.7 (32.6 to 70.8) | -9 (-16 to -1) | 100.9 (65.2 to 140.2) | 75.2 (48.2 to 106.1) | -25 (-31 to -19) | 18.3 (11 to 28.3) | 12.7 (7.6 to 18.9) | -30 (-39 to -18) |
  Tobacco | 499.4 (454.4 to 546.4) | 346.6 (314.5 to 379.9) | -31 (-36 to -26) | 173.5 (153.2 to 197.9) | 120 (106.1 to 137.4) | -31 (-36 to -26) | 275.8 (240.4 to 309.9) | 192.7 (172.5 to 213.7) | -30 (-36 to -24) | 50.1 (37.8 to 68.1) | 33.9 (28.4 to 42.2) | -32 (-42 to -18) |
  Alcohol use | 129.9 (84.1 to 177.3) | 158 (120.2 to 200.3) | 22 (0 to 62) | 17.7 (-3.5 to 39.9) | 31.9 (15.7 to 48.9) | 80 (-662 to 998) | 112.2 (76.6 to 150.1) | 126.1 (92.2 to 162.1) | 12 (-6 to 42) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) |
  High fasting plasma glucose | 495.6 (336.7 to 727.4) | 502.8 (350.6 to 701.9) | 1 (-7 to 11) | 216.2 (108.9 to 403.7) | 212.3 (113 to 379) | -2 (-12 to 10) | 240.2 (149.7 to 359.9) | 249.8 (160 to 360.9) | 4 (-6 to 15) | 39.1 (23.8 to 63.3) | 40.6 (25.3 to 61.1) | 4 (-9 to 19) |
  High systolic blood pressure | 1466.2 (1250.8 to 1653.1) | 1199.5 (1035 to 1343.5) | -18 (-22 to -14) | 556.1 (442.5 to 672.3) | 447.1 (357.7 to 535.1) | -20 (-24 to -15) | 772.7 (627 to 912) | 639.5 (536.5 to 742.1) | -17 (-23 to -12) | 137.3 (106 to 177.1) | 112.9 (90.7 to 139.2) | -18 (-26 to -8) |
  High body-mass index | 318.2 (165.8 to 518.9) | 448.3 (289.2 to 620.2) | 41 (16 to 81) | 96.1 (51.5 to 156.5) | 121.2 (75.6 to 175.8) | 26 (9 to 55) | 182.5 (91.7 to 304.4) | 268.4 (172 to 372.8) | 47 (18 to 95) | 39.6 (19.9 to 66.1) | 58.7 (37.4 to 83.4) | 48 (18 to 101) |
  Dietary risks | 1474.6 (1301.9 to 1649.7) | 1057.7 (926.4 to 1202.3) | -28 (-32 to -25) | 529 (430.5 to 630) | 377.9 (309.8 to 449.5) | -29 (-32 to -24) | 794.5 (655.5 to 928.5) | 571.4 (477.3 to 672) | -28 (-33 to -23) | 151 (120 to 192.4) | 108.4 (87.5 to 132.8) | -28 (-35 to -20) |
  Low physical activity | 104.2 (35.3 to 195.8) | 79.4 (27.3 to 148) | -24 (-28 to -19) | 104.2 (35.3 to 195.8) | 79.4 (27.3 to 148) | -24 (-28 to -19) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) |
  Impaired kidney function | 219.2 (179.7 to 263.4) | 178.7 (147.7 to 214.2) | -18 (-23 to -14) | 98.2 (76.4 to 122.2) | 77.8 (61.3 to 96.3) | -21 (-25 to -15) | 121 (97.5 to 145.9) | 100.9 (82.8 to 120.7) | -17 (-22 to -11) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) |
  High LDL cholesterol | 210.8 (116.2 to 372.3) | 168.6 (97.3 to 296.7) | -20 (-24 to -14) | 210.8 (116.2 to 372.3) | 168.6 (97.3 to 296.7) | -20 (-24 to -14) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) |
 World Bank Upper Middle Income | ||||||||||||
  All risk factors | 2632.2 (2511.5 to 2772.3) | 1713.5 (1618.1 to 1812.6) | -35 (-38 to -32) | 990.5 (916.9 to 1073.1) | 759.4 (691.4 to 833.1) | -23 (-28 to -19) | 1320.1 (1241.1 to 1474.3) | 827.2 (784.3 to 866.7) | -37 (-43 to -34) | 321.6 (223.9 to 367.1) | 126.9 (112.9 to 137.7) | -61 (-66 to -46) |
  Air pollution | 424 (353 to 494.8) | 220.8 (177.6 to 265.2) | -48 (-52 to -45) | 133 (107.3 to 159.4) | 85.9 (67.6 to 105.6) | -35 (-41 to -30) | 229.7 (187.8 to 275.8) | 117 (94.1 to 140.3) | -49 (-55 to -45) | 61.3 (40.7 to 75.5) | 17.9 (13.9 to 21.8) | -71 (-75 to -59) |
  Other environmental risks | 195.9 (132.5 to 265.1) | 125.6 (83.6 to 170.2) | -36 (-41 to -31) | 53.8 (33.5 to 77.1) | 49.6 (31.6 to 70.2) | -8 (-17 to 3) | 111.9 (73.7 to 156.8) | 67.3 (43.7 to 94.4) | -40 (-48 to -33) | 30.2 (16.3 to 44.6) | 8.7 (5.3 to 12.6) | -71 (-78 to -57) |
  Tobacco | 747.8 (691.5 to 805.9) | 464.6 (431.7 to 499.7) | -38 (-41 to -34) | 247.6 (225.6 to 270.8) | 186.1 (169.6 to 205.7) | -25 (-31 to -19) | 401.4 (363.8 to 451.8) | 241.8 (224.9 to 259.2) | -40 (-45 to -35) | 98.8 (69.5 to 117.6) | 36.6 (31.3 to 41.1) | -63 (-69 to -50) |
  Alcohol use | 265.1 (184.8 to 348.7) | 258.5 (187.7 to 327.5) | -2 (-23 to 29) | 32.9 (-0.3 to 68.7) | 60.9 (30.2 to 93.4) | 85 (-200 to 712) | 232.1 (164.6 to 299.7) | 197.6 (143.5 to 250.3) | -15 (-32 to 10) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) |
  High fasting plasma glucose | 449.7 (313.6 to 630.1) | 319.1 (221.8 to 448.8) | -29 (-34 to -24) | 192 (105.4 to 346.3) | 152.2 (85.5 to 260.8) | -21 (-27 to -13) | 209.3 (134.9 to 295.4) | 143.6 (95.9 to 199.3) | -31 (-38 to -26) | 48.4 (28.7 to 71.9) | 23.2 (15.5 to 32) | -52 (-59 to -35) |
  High systolic blood pressure | 1591 (1343.6 to 1810) | 1095.7 (930.5 to 1236) | -31 (-34 to -28) | 582.6 (459.2 to 694.7) | 464.3 (364.9 to 551.4) | -20 (-25 to -16) | 810.6 (657.2 to 971.1) | 546.1 (452.3 to 637.3) | -33 (-39 to -28) | 197.7 (135 to 245.2) | 85.3 (69.6 to 100.3) | -57 (-63 to -41) |
  High body-mass index | 492.6 (253.8 to 789) | 477.8 (295.8 to 669.6) | -3 (-17 to 20) | 149.3 (78.4 to 236.4) | 157.8 (92 to 235.1) | 6 (-6 to 22) | 272 (135.6 to 444.8) | 265.5 (164.1 to 376) | -2 (-18 to 24) | 71.3 (35.5 to 119.8) | 54.5 (37 to 72.8) | -24 (-43 to 9) |
  Dietary risks | 1864.7 (1684.4 to 2045.5) | 1130.3 (1008.6 to 1248.1) | -39 (-43 to -36) | 627.5 (536 to 718.2) | 461.7 (390.1 to 530.3) | -26 (-32 to -21) | 983 (850 to 1140.6) | 578.7 (504.4 to 646.9) | -41 (-47 to -37) | 254.2 (171.7 to 301.5) | 89.9 (76.5 to 103.3) | -65 (-70 to -51) |
  Low physical activity | 119.5 (41.7 to 223.1) | 88 (30.1 to 164.7) | -26 (-31 to -21) | 119.5 (41.7 to 223.1) | 88 (30.1 to 164.7) | -26 (-31 to -21) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) |
  Impaired kidney function | 217.5 (177.8 to 263.5) | 139.3 (113.8 to 167.6) | -36 (-40 to -32) | 97.8 (77 to 120.5) | 68.4 (54.4 to 84.5) | -30 (-35 to -25) | 119.7 (98 to 145.5) | 70.9 (58.7 to 84.3) | -41 (-46 to -37) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) |
  High LDL cholesterol | 268.1 (153.1 to 454) | 203 (116 to 345.7) | -24 (-29 to -20) | 268.1 (153.1 to 454) | 203 (116 to 345.7) | -24 (-29 to -20) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) |
 World Bank High Income | ||||||||||||
  All risk factors | 1142.6 (1081.3 to 1199.9) | 555.6 (507.3 to 602.9) | -51 (-54 to -49) | 552 (504.7 to 599.4) | 267.9 (231 to 305.6) | -51 (-55 to -49) | 443.9 (425.8 to 459) | 198.4 (188 to 208.3) | -55 (-57 to -54) | 146.7 (138.3 to 155.2) | 89.3 (81.5 to 97.3) | -39 (-42 to -36) |
  Air pollution | 105.1 (80.3 to 132) | 43.9 (32.6 to 55.8) | -58 (-61 to -56) | 43.9 (33 to 55.9) | 17.9 (13.3 to 23.3) | -59 (-62 to -56) | 45.2 (34.3 to 56.3) | 17.8 (13.1 to 22.8) | -61 (-63 to -58) | 16 (12 to 20.2) | 8.3 (6 to 10.7) | -48 (-52 to -45) |
  Other environmental risks | 37.6 (16.9 to 62.2) | 14.1 (5.4 to 25.7) | -62 (-69 to -58) | 16 (7.2 to 26.9) | 6.6 (2.6 to 11.9) | -59 (-65 to -55) | 16.7 (7.4 to 28) | 5.6 (2.1 to 10.4) | -67 (-74 to -62) | 4.8 (1.8 to 8.9) | 1.9 (0.5 to 4) | -61 (-71 to -54) |
  Tobacco | 388.1 (362.5 to 413.8) | 129.3 (116.2 to 143.3) | -67 (-69 to -65) | 161.6 (147 to 176.7) | 53.7 (46 to 61.7) | -67 (-69 to -64) | 163.8 (154.6 to 172.3) | 49.7 (46 to 53.6) | -70 (-71 to -68) | 62.8 (58.3 to 67.5) | 25.9 (23.3 to 29) | -59 (-61 to -56) |
  Alcohol use | 150.1 (101.9 to 199.9) | 52.6 (27.6 to 78.7) | -65 (-76 to -57) | 28.2 (-5.7 to 63.2) | 5.9 (-11 to 24.1) | -79 (-259 to 70) | 121.9 (87.1 to 153.6) | 46.7 (29.8 to 62.2) | -62 (-68 to -56) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) |
  High fasting plasma glucose | 251.7 (165.7 to 396) | 152.8 (100.1 to 227.4) | -39 (-45 to -33) | 135.8 (68.9 to 261.9) | 81.4 (41.4 to 149.9) | -40 (-46 to -33) | 91.8 (59.7 to 131.9) | 52.2 (33.9 to 76.1) | -43 (-48 to -37) | 24 (15.8 to 33.4) | 19.2 (12.6 to 27) | -20 (-26 to -12) |
  High systolic blood pressure | 762.2 (663.7 to 857.2) | 333.7 (280 to 386.2) | -56 (-58 to -54) | 352.9 (281.9 to 419.5) | 153.1 (116.7 to 188.4) | -57 (-60 to -54) | 306.8 (259.6 to 350.1) | 124.2 (102.2 to 145.1) | -60 (-61 to -58) | 102.6 (85.7 to 118.6) | 56.4 (45.7 to 67.7) | -45 (-48 to -42) |
  High body-mass index | 318.7 (198.8 to 445.6) | 213.4 (150.8 to 275.8) | -33 (-40 to -21) | 106.8 (62.1 to 158.7) | 75.2 (49.5 to 105.3) | -30 (-38 to -16) | 147.7 (91.9 to 207) | 89.8 (65.4 to 114.9) | -39 (-46 to -28) | 64.3 (42.4 to 86.8) | 48.3 (35.7 to 61.3) | -25 (-32 to -14) |
  Dietary risks | 608.4 (540 to 686) | 303.2 (260.6 to 345.1) | -50 (-52 to -48) | 263.5 (219.7 to 308.1) | 132.8 (106.6 to 159.7) | -50 (-53 to -47) | 249.9 (212.9 to 289.3) | 112.6 (94.8 to 130.7) | -55 (-56 to -53) | 95 (80.9 to 109.7) | 57.8 (48.4 to 67.4) | -39 (-42 to -36) |
  Low physical activity | 72.9 (24.9 to 137.4) | 36.3 (12.1 to 68.5) | -50 (-53 to -47) | 72.9 (24.9 to 137.4) | 36.3 (12.1 to 68.5) | -50 (-53 to -47) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) |
  Impaired kidney function | 87 (67.9 to 108.1) | 41.3 (31.9 to 52.1) | -53 (-55 to -50) | 49.6 (36.6 to 63.6) | 24.5 (18.1 to 32) | -51 (-55 to -47) | 37.4 (30.9 to 44.8) | 16.8 (13.7 to 20.4) | -55 (-57 to -53) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) |
  High LDL cholesterol | 166.3 (86.7 to 293.9) | 78.8 (43.4 to 135) | -53 (-56 to -47) | 166.3 (86.7 to 293.9) | 78.8 (43.4 to 135) | -53 (-56 to -47) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) |