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Table 3 Observational association of 25(OH)D with risk of mortality in the CKB, CGPS, and CCHS

From: Vitamin D and cause-specific vascular disease and mortality: a Mendelian randomisation study involving 99,012 Chinese and 106,911 European adults

Mortality

Continuous 25(OH)D per 25 nmol/L

25(OH)D quartiles (nmol/L)

P for trend

No. of all events

HR (95% CI)

Quartile 1

Quartile 2

Quartile 3

Quartile 4

HR (95% CI)

HR (95% CI)

HR (95% CI)

HR (95% CI)

CKB

 All-cause mortality

3868

1.02(0.97,1.06)

1.00

0.95(0.84,1.07)

0.97(0.85,1.10)

0.95(0.83,1.09)

0.458

Vascular death outcomes

 Major vascular event

3048

1.04(0.99,1.09)

1.00

0.93(0.81,1.07)

0.97(0.84,1.12)

1.00(0.86,1.17)

0.158

 Major coronary event

1262

1.05(0.97,1.14)

1.00

0.95(0.77,1.18)

0.98(0.79,1.23)

1.13(0.89,1.42)

0.186

 Myocardial infarction

898

1.04(0.94,1.14)

1.00

0.90(0.70,1.16)

1.02(0.79,1.33)

1.02(0.77,1.36)

0.427

 Stroke

1590

1.06(0.98,1.13)

1.00

0.95(0.78,1.14)

1.01(0.82,1.23)

1.01(0.82,1.26)

0.136

 Ischaemic stroke

118

1.06(0.84,1.33)

1.00

0.58(0.30,1.12)

0.61(0.30,1.21)

0.84(0.42,1.67)

0.622

 Intracerebral haemorrhage

1416

1.05(0.98,1.14)

1.00

0.97(0.80,1.19)

1.06(0.85,1.32)

1.04(0.82,1.31)

0.166

 Subarachnoid haemorrhage

68

1.01(0.98,1.03)

1.00

0.95(0.18,4.93)

1.52(0.32,7.33)

1.10(0.18,6.83)

0.685

 Ischaemic heart disease

1262

1.05(0.97,1.14)

1.00

0.95(0.77,1.18)

0.98(0.79,1.23)

1.13(0.89,1.42)

0.186

Non-vascular death outcomes

 Cancer

370

1.00(0.99,1.01)

1.00

1.22(0.81,1.83)

1.17(0.76,1.79)

1.00(0.63,1.58)

0.818

 Respiratory diseases

46

1.00(0.99,1.01)

1.00

0.91(0.47,1.73)

1.28(0.68,2.42)

0.75(0.35,1.60)

0.798

 Infections

64

1.00(0.98,1.02)

1.00

0.51(0.08,3.17)

0.38(0.06,2.53)

1.00(0.21,4.81)

0.946

CGPS and CCHS

 All-cause mortality

10,845

0.90(0.88,0.93)

1.00

0.81(0.77,0.85)

0.79(0.75,0.83)

0.77(0.73,0.82)

2 × 10−20

Vascular death outcomes

 Cardiovascular disease

3303

0.90(0.86,0.93)

1.00

0.85(0.78,0.93)

0.78(0.71,0.87)

0.80(0.72,0.90)

1.9 × 10−8

 Myocardial infarction

676

0.86(0.78,0.98)

1.00

0.68(0.55,0.83)

0.78(0.63,0.97)

0.70(0.54,0.90)

0.0037

 Stroke

743

0.93(0.86,1.03)

1.00

0.97(0.81,1.17)

0.74(0.60,0.92)

1.00(0.79,1.26)

0.28

 Ischaemic stroke

385

0.88(0.78,1.00)

1.00

1.06(0.82,1.36)

0.65(0.48,0.89)

0.96(0.69,1.34)

0.18

 Intracerebral haemorrhage

178

1.05(0.88,1.25)

1.00

1.06(0.71,1.57)

0.96(0.62,1.49)

1.16(0.72,1.86)

0.71

 Ischaemic heart disease

1395

0.88(0.82,0.95)

1.00

0.80(0.70,0.92)

0.80(0.69,0.93)

0.76(0.63,0.90)

6 × 10−4

Non-vascular death outcomes

 Cancer

3127

0.93(0.88,0.98)

1.00

0.86(0.78,0.94)

0.87(0.78,0.96)

0.79(0.71,0.89)

9.7 × 10−5

 Respiratory diseases

1065

0.86(0.80,0.93)

1.00

0.69(0.59,0.82)

0.67(0.56,0.80)

0.71(0.59,0.87)

6.6 × 10−4

 Infections

430

0.84(0.76,0.95)

1.00

0.76(0.59,0.98)

0.85(0.66,1.11)

0.73(0.53,1.00)

0.082

 All other causes

2463

0.86(0.82,0.90)

1.00

0.73(0.66,0.81)

0.71(0.63,0.79)

0.68(0.59,0.78)

4.6 × 10−10

  1. Multivariable cox proportional hazard regression models were used to examine the association between quartile groups of 25(OH)D concentrations and risk of mortality
  2. All values are adjusted for age (years), sex (male or female), smoking status (current smoker), alcohol intake (current drinker), season, region, SBP, and physical activity (low activity) in CKB
  3. All values are adjusted for age (years), sex (male or female), latitude, season, SBP, physical activity (METs, h/day), smoking status (never smoker, occasional smoker, former smoker, or regular smoker), and alcohol intake (non-drinker, occasional drinker, former drinker, or regular drinker) in CGPS and CCHS
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