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Fig. 1 | BMC Medicine

Fig. 1

From: Environmental enteric dysfunction: a review of potential mechanisms, consequences and management strategies

Fig. 1

Biomarkers of environmental enteric dysfunction (EED), microbiome dysfunction, systemic inflammation and growth hormone resistance. Adapted from McGrath (2017) [17]. Abbreviations: AAT, α-1-antitrypsin; AGP, α-1 acid glycoprotein; CAL, calprotectin; CRP, C-reactive protein; EndoCAb, anti-endotoxin core antibody; FGF-21, fibroblast growth factor 21; Flic, flagellin; GH, Growth hormone; I-FABP, intestinal fatty acid binding protein; IgA, immunoglobulin A; IgG, immunoglobulin G; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor 1; Kyn, kynurenine; K:T, kynurenine:tryptophan ratio; LPS, lipopolysaccharides; L:M, lactulose:mannitol; L:R, lactulose:rhamnose; MAZ, microbiota-for-age Z score; MPO, myeloperoxidase; NEO, neopterin; Reg1β, regenerating protein 1β; SIBO, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth; SIRT1, Sirtuin 1; Trp, tryptophan

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