Maternal characteristics
|
Age, median (95% range), years
|
30.5 (20.4 to 39.0)
|
30.5 (19.6 to 40.3)
|
0.215
|
27.7 (19.9 to 36.0)
|
31.2 (20.7 to 40.0)
|
< 0.001
|
Height, mean (SD) (cm)
|
169.0 (7.8)
|
165.3 (7.0)
|
< 0.001
|
165.7 (6.4)
|
170.3 (7.2)
|
< 0.001
|
Weight, mean (SD) (kg)
|
85.4 (18.1)
|
67.3 (12.8)
|
< 0.001
|
60.8 (7.6)
|
72.9 (12.8)
|
< 0.001
|
Body mass index, mean (SD) (kg/m2)
|
30.0 (6.5)
|
24.6 (4.6)
|
< 0.001
|
22.2 (2.5)
|
25.2 (4.6)
|
< 0.001
|
Obesity, no. (%)
|
67 (44.7)
|
56 (12.3)
|
< 0.001
|
2 (1.6)
|
58 (12.2)
|
< 0.001
|
Education, no. higher (%)
|
51 (34.0)
|
166 (36.5)
|
0.582
|
57 (44.2)
|
249 (52.3)
|
0.102
|
Race/ethnicity, no. (%) Dutch or European
|
101 (67.3)
|
253 (55.6)
|
0.011
|
56 (43.4)
|
327 (68.7)
|
< 0.001
|
Parity, no. nulliparous (%)
|
50 (33.3)
|
298 (65.5)
|
< 0.001
|
108 (83.7)
|
222 (46.6)
|
< 0.001
|
Smoking, no. (%)
| | |
0.055
| | |
0.711
|
None
|
109 (75.2)
|
282 (64.5)
| |
100 (80.0)
|
366 (79.2)
| |
Early pregnancy only
|
9 (6.2)
|
33 (7.6)
| |
14 (11.2)
|
45 (9.7)
| |
Continued
|
27 (18.6)
|
122 (27.9)
| |
11 (8.8)
|
51 (11.0)
| |
Birth characteristics
|
Males, no. (%)
|
67 (44.7)
|
185 (40.7)
|
0.388
|
72 (55.8)
|
281 (59.0)
|
0.511
|
Gestational age, median (95% range), weeks
|
40.1 (32.6 to 42.4)
|
39.6 (31.9 to 42.3)
|
0.007
|
40.0 (36.4 to 42.4)
|
39.9 (36.1 to 42.0)
|
0.058
|
Birth weight, mean (SD) grams
|
2981 (412)
|
2503 (445)
|
< 0.001
|
3922 (319)
|
4245 (386)
|
< 0.001
|
Preterm birth, no. (%)
|
12 (8.0)
|
62 (13.6)
|
0.068
|
3 (2.3)
|
18 (3.8)
|
0.423
|
Cesarean delivery, no. (%)
|
19 (13.4)
|
88 (20.8)
|
0.051
|
20 (16.7)
|
74 (17.2)
|
0.897
|
Assisted delivery, no. (%)
|
9 (6.3)
|
66 (15.6)
|
0.005
|
27 (22.5)
|
48 (11.1)
|
0.001
|
APGAR score below 7 at 5 min, no. (%)
|
5 (3.4)
|
11 (2.5)
|
0.549
|
0 (0)
|
5 (1.1)
|
0.237
|