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Table 2 Risk factors for linear growth faltering among children 0–23 months old with MSD with complete outcome data. Statistically significant results (p < 0.05) are italicized. Asterisks (*) denote results from a robust Poisson model rather than log-binomial model

From: Determinants of linear growth faltering among children with moderate-to-severe diarrhea in the Global Enteric Multicenter Study

 

ΔLAZ

Severe linear growth faltering

Mean

SD

Crude difference in change in LAZ

Adjusted for age, site, duration of follow-up, and baseline LAZa

No. with outcome

Prevalence of loss of ≥ 0.5 LAZ

Crude relative risks

Adjusted for age, site, duration of follow-up, and baseline LAZa

Ageb

 0–6 months

− 0.27

0.70

− 0.12 (− 0.14, − 0.09)

− 0.02 (− 0.06, 0.01)

381

35.4%

1.61 (1.45, 1.79)

1.41 (1.22, 1.51)*

 > 6–12 months

− 0.31

0.49

− 0.08 (− 0.11, − 0.04)

− 0.07 (− 0.10, − 0.04)

788

33.4%

1.52 (1.39, 1.66)

1.36 (1.22, 1.51)*

 > 12–23 months

− 0.19

0.40

Reference

Reference

607

22.0%

Reference

Reference

Stuntingc

 No

− 0.29

0.49

Reference

Reference

1472

31.2%

Reference

Reference

 Yes

− 0.12

0.50

0.17 (0.14, 0.20)

0.16 (0.13, 0.19)

304

20.6%

0.66 (0.59, 0.74)

0.69 (0.61, 0.78)*

Sex

 Male

− 0.25

0.53

Reference

Reference

847

19.6%

Reference

Reference

 Female

− 0.24

0.47

0.01 (− 0.01, 0.04)

0.02 (− 0.0003, 0.05)

588

17.7%

0.92 (0.85, 1.00)

0.91 (0.83, 1.00)*

Wasting

 No

− 0.22

0.51

Reference

Reference

1303

26.9%

Reference

Reference

 Yes

− 0.34

0.48

− 0.12 (− 0.15, − 0.09)

− 0.21 (− 0.24, − 0.18)

473

34.9%

1.30 (1.19, 1.41)

1.57 (1.41, 1.76)

MUAC (among 6–23 months)

 ≥ 12.5

− 0.24

0.45

Reference

Reference

1129

26.5%

Reference

Reference

 < 12.5 cm

− 0.27

0.46

− 0.04 (− 0.07, − 0.004)

− 0.12 (− 0.15, − 0.08)

266

30.8%

1.16 (1.02, 1.33)

1.42 (1.23, 1.64)

Current breastfeeding (among < 6 months)

 Exclusive

− 0.30

0.73

Reference

Reference

145

33.0%

Reference

Reference

 Partial

− 0.25

0.68

0.05 (− 0.05, 0.14)

− 0.01 (− 0.10, 0.09)

323

34.0%

1.03 (0.88, 1.21)

1.12 (0.90, 1.40)*

 None

− 0.28

0.75

0.01 (− 0.20, 0.23)

− 0.11 (− 0.32, 0.11)

25

37.9%

1.15 (0.82, 1.61)

1.41 (0.91, 2.20)*

Diarrhea typed

 Acute

− 0.23

0.48

Reference

Reference

829

26.6%

Reference

Reference

 Prolonged

− 0.26

0.50

− 0.01 (− 0.07, − 0.003)

− 0.01 (− 0.04, 0.01)

568

29.8%

1.12 (1.01, 1.25)

1.08 (0.97, 1.20)*

 Persistent

− 0.26

0.50

− 0.03 (− 0.06, 0.01)

− 0.003 (− 0.04, 0.04)

196

29.9%

1.12 (0.96, 1.31)

0.98 (0.95, 1.30)*

Hospitalized at enrollment

 No

− 0.23

0.49

Reference

Reference

1386

21.0%

Reference

Reference

 Yes

− 0.32

0.43

− 0.09 (− 0.12, − 0.06)

− 0.11 (− 0.14, − 0.07)

491

31.7%

1.37 (1.26, 1.49)

1.36 (1.20, 1.53)*

Presentation with fever

 No

− 0.22

0.51

Reference

Reference

1074

26.1%

Reference

Reference

 Yes

− 0.31

0.49

− 0.10 (− 0.13, − 0.07)

− 0.09 (− 0.11, − 0.06)

616

34.5%

1.32 (1.22, 1.43)

1.25 (1.12, 1.38)*

Presentation with dysentery

 No

− 0.26

0.51

Reference

Reference

1117

24.7%

Reference

Reference

 Yes

− 0.20

0.49

0.06 (0.03, 0.9)

0.07 (0.04, 0.11)

310

22.6%

0.91 (0.82, 1.02)

0.88 (0.75, 1.02)*

Co-morbidities

 None

− 0.23

0.49

Reference

Reference

1090

26.4%

Reference

Reference

 Any

− 0.28

0.51

− 0.06 (− 0.08, − 0.03)

− 0.06 (− 0.09, − 0.03)

686

33.0%

1.25 (1.16, 1.35)

1.19 (1.05, 1.34)*

 Pneumonia

− 0.25

0.53

− 0.01 (− 0.06, 0.04)

−0.0002 (− 0.05, 0.05)

120

28.6%

1.00 (0.85, 1.17)

0.92 (0.76, 1.10)*

 Malaria

− 0.29

0.53

− 0.06 (− 0.09, − 0.03)

− 0.03 (− 0.06, 0.01)

515

34.1%

1.27 (1.16, 1.38)

1.15 (1.01, 1.31)*

 Malnutrition

−0.31

0.47

− 0.07 (− 0.12, − 0.01)

− 0.19 (− 0.24, − 0.13)

116

33.2%

1.17 (1.01, 1.37)

1.52 (1.25, 1.85)*

 Other bacterial infection

− 0.39

0.57

− 0.15 (− 0.26, − 0.04)

− 0.08 (− 0.19, 0.02)

40

48.8%

1.72 (1.37, 2.15)

1.32 (0.96, 1.83)*

 Upper respiratory tract infection

− 0.25

0.69

− 0.0004 (− 0.34, 0.34)

0.07 (− 0.27, 0.41)

1

14.3%

0.59 (0.103.63)

0.54 (008, 3.83)*

IMCI danger signs

 None

− 0.10

0.49

Reference

Reference

580

22.8%

Reference

Reference

 At least 1

− 0.28

0.51

− 0.07 (− 0.09, − 0.04)

− 0.09 (− 0.11, − 0.06)

1196

32.7%

1.43 (1.31, 1.56)

1.35 (1.22, 1.50)*

 3 signs present

− 0.27

0.58

− 0.08 (− 0.20, 0.0.04)

− 0.05 (− 0.17, 0.07)

21

31.8%

1.39 (0.90, 2.16)

1.29 (0.83, 2.00)*

 2 signs present

− 0.29

0.49

− 0.10 (− 0.14, − 0.07)

− 0.07 (− 0.11, − 0.04)

396

34.1%

1.49 (1.32, 1.70)

1.32 (1.15, 1.51)*

 1 sign present

− 0.28

0.49

−0.08 (− 0.11, − 0.05)

− 0.07 (− 0.10, − 0.04)

777

32.0%

1.40 (1.26, 1.56)

1.37 (1.22, 1.53)*

Access to improved water

 No

− 0.25

0.51

Reference

Reference

1007

29.8%

Reference

Reference

 Yes

− 0.24

0.49

0.01 (− 0.01, 0.04)

− 0.04 (− 0.07, − 0.01)

769

27.2%

0.91 (0.83, 1.00)

1.09 (0.96, 1.23)*

Improved defecation facility

 No

− 0.26

0.50

Reference

Reference

1464

29.0%

Reference

Reference

 Yes

− 0.21

0.49

0.05 (0.01, 0.08)

0.07 (0.03, 0.11)

312

27.1%

0.93 (0.83, 1.05)

0.87 (0.74, 1.01)*

Wealth index

 Lowest quintile

− 0.25

0.49

Reference

Reference

344

28.3%

Reference

Reference

 Second lowest

− 0.28

0.52

− 0.03 (− 0.07, 0.01)

− 0.01 (− 0.05, 0.03)

399

32.0%

1.13 (1.00, 1.28)

1.06 (0.91, 1.22)*

 Middle

− 0.25

0.50

0.005 (− 0.03, 0.04)

0.03 (− 0.01, 0.07)

387

28.8%

1.02 (0.90, 1.15)

0.95 (0.82, 1.10)*

 Second highest

− 0.23

0.47

0.03 (− 0.01, 0.07)

0.04 (− 0.001, 0.08)

296

25.5%

0.90 (0.79, 1.03)

0.92 (0.79, 1.08)*

 Highest quintile

− 0.21

0.52

0.03 (− 0.07, 0.01)

0.08 (0.04, 0.12)

347

28.2%

0.99 (0.86, 1.13)

0.90 (0.77, 1.04)*

  1. aAnalyses of age and stunting were not adjusted for age and baseline LAZ, respectively
  2. bAnalysis of age as a risk factor was not adjusted for age
  3. cAnalysis of stunting was not adjusted for baseline LAZ
  4. dData on duration of diarrhea for the 7 days before enrollment were ascertained at enrollment (children with diarrhea lasting longer than 7 days were excluded at this point), and data on diarrhea duration for the 14 days following enrollment were ascertained with a memory aid suitable for groups of all literacy levels, which the caregiver returned at the 60-day follow-up visit
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