Fig. 3

a Relationship between the effect size estimates on T2D (x-axis) and the effect size estimates on ALS (y-axis) for all SNPs that served as instrumental variables for T2D in the East Asian population. The 95% confidence intervals for the estimated SNP effect sizes on ALS are shown as vertical black lines, while the 95% confidence intervals for the estimated SNP effect sizes on T2D are shown as horizontal black lines. The slope of fitted lines represents the estimated the causal effect of T2D on ALS obtained with all the 34 instrumental variables (red lines) or with only 32 instrumental variables (blue lines; two potential outliers, rs12219514 and rs75536691, are highlighted in green and are removed). b Funnel plot displays individual causal effect estimates for T2D on ALS in the East Asian population. The dots represent the estimated causal effect for each instrumental variable. The vertical red line represents the estimated causal effect obtained using all instrumental variables. A possible outlier (i.e., rs12219514) is highlighted in green. c Forest plot for individual causal effect estimate