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Table 1 Groups of prodromal symptoms in psychosis

From: Patterns of symptoms before a diagnosis of first episode psychosis: a latent class analysis of UK primary care electronic health records

Symptom group

Individual symptoms† included in each group

Psychological symptom

 Mood-related symptom

Depression, anhedonia, guilt, mood swings, suicidal/self-harm ideation or behaviour

 ‘Neurotic’ symptom

Neuroses, anxiety, irritability and anger, restlessness, worrying thoughts

 Behavioural change

Deterioration, social withdrawal, impulsivity, reduced self-esteem, aggressive and disruptive behaviour, odd behaviour

 Change in volition

Apathy (loss of drive), tiredness/fatigue (loss of energy), boredom (loss of interest)

 Perceptual problem

Hallucinations, delusions, illusions

 Cognitive change

Disturbance of attention, concentration/preoccupation difficulties, cognitive/memory impairment, thought disorder/blocking

Substance misuse

Opioids, alcohol, cannabis, hypnotic, cocaine, amphetamine, glue, tobacco, hallucinogen, ecstasy, antidepressant, solvent, other/multiple stimulant, general (codes without specific substance)

Physical symptom

Speech abnormality, sleep disturbance, loss of weight, poor appetite, dryness of the mouth, dysphagia, hyperventilation, muscle tension, epigastric discomfort, palpitations, shortness of breath, excessive wind, decreased libido, menstrual problem (in females), failure of erection (in males)

  1. †Total number of individual symptoms studied, n = 55