Table 2 Studies associating chronic undernutrition with body composition in children from low and middle-income countries
Country [Reference] | Location | Categories of undernutrition | Sample size | Age | BC techniques |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brazil [22] | Slums of Sao Paulo | HAZ < –2 HAZ > –2 | 13 29 | CS, 11–15 years | DXA |
Peru [46] | Lowland (Pampas de San Juan de Miraflores, Lima), and highland (rural communities of Santillana and Vinchos Districts of Ayacucho Region) | Height analysed on continuous basis | Lowland 201 Highland 160 | CS, 3–8.5 years | Waist girth |
Jamaica [47] | Poor neighbourhoods of Kingston | HAZ < –2 HAZ > –2 | 103 64 | L, stunting assessed at < 2 years; follow-up at 7, 11 and 17 years | Skinfolds, girths |
Cambodia [35] | Rural municipalities in Prey Veng province, southeast of Phnom Penh | HAZ < –2 HAZ − 2 to − 1 HAZ − 1 to 0 HAZ > 0 | 34 119 169 90 | L, measurements at 6 and 15 months | D2O |
Nepal [48] | Janakpur, Terai District | HAZ < –2 HAZ > –2 | 309 494 | L, stunting assessed at 2 years; follow-up at 8 years | BIA, skinfolds, girths, kidney dimensions |
India [49] | Areas of low socioeconomic status in Mumbai city, Maharashtra | HAZ < –2 HAZ > –2 | 330 330 | CS, 2–4 years | Skinfolds, girths |
Senegal [50] | Niakhar rural district | HAZ < –2 HAZ > –2 | 81 286 | L, stunting assessed at 6–18 months; follow-up at 11 and 15 years | Skinfolds, girths |
South Africa [51] | Township setting outside Potchefstroom, North-West Province | HAZ < –2 HAZ > –2 | 32 146 | CS, 13–18 year range | Skinfolds, girths, densitometry |
South Africa [21] | Birth-to-Twenty cohort, Soweto, Johannesburg | HAZ <-2, HAZ >-2 | Total 140 | L, Stunting assessed at 1 and 2 years; follow-up at 8 years | DXA |