Fig. 4

Forest plot of the association between antibodies to pregnancy-associated P. falciparum antigens and low birthweight. a Estimates represent the odds of low birthweight birth in Ab responders compared with Ab non-responders, where antibodies were measured at delivery (cross-sectional studies). b Estimates represent the risk of low birthweight in Ab responders compared with Ab non-responders, where antibodies were measured at time points prior to delivery, as indicated (prospective studies). Estimates are for women of all gravidities included in the original studies. Teo et al. included secundigravidae and multigravidae only. ^aData supplied by original authors and estimate calculated by current authors; ^bEstimate provided by original author; ^cEstimate calculated by current authors from data in original publication. CC, case-control; CS, cross-sectional; n, number of participants included in estimate; OR, odds ratio; pRBC, parasitized red blood cells; RCT, randomized controlled trial; RR, risk ratio; T1, first trimester; T2, second trimester; T3, third trimester