Fig. 2

Lifestyle factors associated with risk of cancer, CVD, T2D, and subsequent cancer-cardiometabolic multimorbidity. Cancer refers to first malignant tumours at any site excl. non-melanoma skin cancer. Deaths were censored and not modelled as a separate outcome. a Cox proportional hazard models, stratified by age at inclusion (1-year categories), sex, centre, and transition, in a clock-forward multi-state analysis with age as primary time variable, mutually adjusted lifestyle factors and further adjustment for education level (no schooling, primary, secondary, and university or more), height (continuous), an indicator of alcohol use (no/yes), total energy intake (kcal/day), and use of hormones and menopausal status in women. b Same as a, but the five lifestyle factors were combined in the healthy lifestyle index (HLI); the HLI ranges from 0 to 20 units, with greater scores reflecting healthy lifestyles. CVD cardiovascular disease, T2D type 2 diabetes