Skip to main content
Fig. 1 | BMC Medicine

Fig. 1

From: A landscape of genomic alterations at the root of a near-untreatable tuberculosis epidemic

Fig. 1

The annotated Maximum Likelihood phylogeny of various Beijing-family M. tuberculosis strains to demonstrate the relative position and drug resistance mutation profiles of South African isolates (AA1SA) belonging to the Asian Ancestral 1 clade. The phylogeny indicates that the branching of AA1 is the most ancient in the Beijing lineage, and suggests that various forms of Beijing was introduced into South Africa independently. It appears that only one introduction of AA1 occurred, which subsequently evolved into different subclades. Clades: AA1SA, Asian Ancestral 1 South Africa; AA1, Asian Ancestral 1; AA2, Asian Ancestral 2; AA3, Asian Ancestral 3. Asian Ancestral clades collectively comprise atypical Beijing, while the remainder of the clades represent various forms of typical Beijing. Geographic origins: EC, Eastern Cape; WC, Western Cape; KZN, KwaZulu-Natal; CA, Central Asia; EA, Eastern Asia; SAs, Southern Asia; EU, Europe; PA, Pacific; AF, Africa. Drug resistance mutations are organised according to gene and type of resistance caused: ethA, ethionamide; katG and inhA, isoniazid; gidB, rpsL and rrs 514-region, streptomycin; inhA prom(oter), isoniazid and ethionamide; embB, ethambutol; pncA, pyrazinamide; rpoB, rifampicin; rrs 1401-region, amikacin, kanamycin, capreomycin; alr, terizidone/cycloserine; gyrA and gyrB, fluoroquinolones; mmpR, bedaquiline and clofazimine. We show all observed mmpR mutations, as the role of these in conferring resistance is not well documented, although several different mutations in mmpR has been implicated in resistance. Nodes with a bootstrap support of 70 or more are indicated by black circles. The phylogeny is rooted to H37Rv

Back to article page