Table 1 Characteristics of participants and included studies ordered by study design and year of publication
Study ID Country [Ref] | Data source | Population | Duration to determine the opioid dose | Dose groups | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
High dose | Low dose | ||||||
Cross-sectional studies | mg/day | N | mg/day | N | |||
Morasco, 2019 USA [33] | Electronic medical records and self-reported measures | 51 patients aged 18–70 years receiving opioids for musculoskeletal pain | 90-day average | ≥ 100 | 17 | 5–99 | 34 |
Chang, 2018a USA [30] | QuintilesIMS’ LifeLink longitudinal prescription database linked to patient and prescriber files | 4,046,275 patients aged ≥ 18 years prescribed an opioid | 90-day average | > 100 | 150,814 | ≤ 100 | 3,895,461 |
Cohort studies | mg/day | N | mg/day | N | |||
Chang, 2018b USA [4] | QuintilesIMS patient-level administrative claims | 191,405 patients aged 18–64 years with at least one prescription opioid claim | 90-day average | > 100 | 2778 | ≤ 100 | 188,627 |
Campbell, 2015 Australia [34] | Telephone interviews, self-reported questionnaire, and medication diary | 1085 patients aged ≥ 18 years with CNCP prescribed an opioid for > 6 weeks | 1-week average | ≥ 91 | 425 | 1–90 | 660 |
Chapman, 2013 UK [31] | CPRD | 4035 patients with CNCP, ≥ 2 office visits and ≥ 1 prescription of fentanyl, hydromorphone, morphine, and/or oxycodone | Dose measured at each visit | > 200 | 262 | ≤ 200 | 3773 |
Kobus, 2012 USA [32] | Kaiser Permanente Northwest virtual data warehouse | 5268 patients aged ≥ 18 years with low-back pain and > 90 consecutive days of opioid use | Last dispensed dose | ≥ 100 | 453 | 1–99 | 4815 |