Table 3 Results from analysis of change scores using linear mixed model: mean difference scores (SE), 95% CI, and effect sizes
Outcome | Self-paced activity vs. control | Bleep test vs. control | Self-paced vs. bleep test | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean diff (SE) | 95% CI | p value | Effect size | Mean diff (SE) | 95% CI | p value | Effect size | Mean diff (SE) | 95% CI | p value | Effect size | |
Affect | ||||||||||||
Unadjusted | 0.21 (0.07) | 0.05 to 0.37 | 0.006 | 0.06 | − 0.07 (0.08) | − 0.26 to 0.12 | 1.000 | 0.02 | 0.28 (0.07) | 0.11 to 0.44 | 0.000 | 0.07 |
Fully adjusted | 0.21 (0.07) | 0.05 to 0.38 | 0.005 | 0.06 | − 0.05 (0.08) | − 0.25 to 0.14 | 1.000 | 0.01 | 0.27 (0.07) | 0.10 to 0.44 | 0.001 | 0.07 |
Alertness | ||||||||||||
Unadjusted | 0.32 (0.04) | 0.22 to 0.41 | 0.000 | 0.15 | 0.13 (0.05) | 0.02 to 0.23 | 0.014 | 0.06 | 0.19 (0.04) | 0.10 to 0.28 | 0.000 | 0.08 |
Fully adjusted | 0.31 (0.04) | 0.22 to 0.41 | 0.000 | 0.15 | 0.13 (0.05) | 0.02 to 0.23 | 0.017 | 0.05 | 0.19 (0.04) | 0.09 to 0.28 | 0.000 | 0.09 |
Inhibition adj | ||||||||||||
Unadjusted | − 28.03 (3.42) | − 36.22 to − 19.84 | 0.000 | 0.17 | 6.63 (3.67) | − 2.15 to 15.42 | 0.211 | 0.04 | − 34.66 (3.25) | − 42.45 to − 26.88 | 0.000 | 0.22 |
Fully adjusted | − 27.93 (3.44) | − 36.16 to − 19.70 | 0.000 | 0.17 | 6.48 (3.70) | − 2.39 to 15.35 | 0.240 | 0.04 | − 34.41 (3.29) | − 42.29 to − 26.54 | 0.000 | 0.22 |
Verbal WM | ||||||||||||
Unadjusted | 1.77 (0.36) | 0.91 to 2.64 | 0.000 | 0.10 | − 0.45 (0.40) | − 1.40 to 0.50 | 0.777 | 0.02 | 2.22 (0.37) | 1.34 to 3.11 | 0.000 | 0.13 |
Fully adjusted | 1.74 (0.36) | 0.87 to 2.61 | 0.000 | 0.10 | − 0.38 (0.40) | − 1.34 to 0.59 | 1.000 | 0.02 | 2.12 (0.38) | 1.23 to 3.02 | 0.000 | 0.12 |
Visual-spatial WM | ||||||||||||
Unadjusted | − 1.81 (0.94) | − 4.06 to 0.45 | 0.165 | 0.04 | 0.91 (1.01) | − 1.52 to 3.34 | 1.000 | 0.02 | − 2.72 (0.92) | − 4.92 to − 0.51 | 0.010 | 0.06 |
Fully adjusted | − 1.89 (0.95) | − 4.15 to 0.38 | 0.140 | 0.04 | 0.62 (1.02) | − 1.84 to 3.07 | 1.000 | 0.01 | − 2.50 (0.93) | − 4.73 to − 0.28 | 0.021 | 0.06 |